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      Assessment of the risks of rats (Rattus norvegicus) and opossums (Didelphis albiventris) in different poultry-rearing areas in Argentina Translated title: Avaliação dos riscos sanitários de ratos (Rattus norvegicus) e gambás (Didelphis albiventris) em diferentes granjas avícolas na Argentina

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          Abstract

          We have studied the prevalence of Trichinella spiralis, Leptospira spp. and Salmonella spp. in rats and opossums that inhabit poultry farms of Exaltación de la Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina, to determine the potential sanitary risk for humans that are in contact with these animals. The study was carried out on 48 poultry farms between spring 1999 and winter 2001. The study of opossums began in winter 2000. During the study period we captured 152 Rattus norvegicus, 3 Rattus rattus, 16 Didelphis albiventris and 1 Lutreolina crassicaudata. We have registered the presence of rats and opossums in 70% and 27% of the studied farms, respectively. The percentage of farms with rats was independent of the presence or absence of pigs. We did not detect the presence of Leptospira spp. and Trichinella spiralis in any individual. We detected the presence of Salmonella Enteritidis in one Rattus norvegicus and one Didelphis albiventris. According to our results, the rats and opossums of poultry farms may not report a risk factor in the transmission of Trichinella and Leptospira under the present conditions; but the detection of Salmonella Enteritidis in rats as well as in opossums suggests the idea of applying prophylactics measurements on poultry farms.

          Translated abstract

          A prevalência de Trichinella spiralis, Leptospira spp. e Salmonella spp. foi estudada em ratos e gambás que habitam granjas avícolas da região de Exaltación de la Cruz, Buenos Aires, Argentina, com o objetivo de determinar o potencial risco sanitário para pessoas que ficam em contato com esses animais. O estudo foi realizado entre a primavera de 1999 e o inverno de 2001 em 48 granjas avícolas. O estudo em gambás iniciou-se no inverno de 2000. Foram capturados 152 Rattus norvegicus, 3 Rattus rattus, 16 Didelphis albiventris e 1 Lutreolina crassicaudata. Registrou-se a presença de ratos e de gambás em 70% e 27% das granjas estudadas, respectivamente. A percentagem de granjas com ratos foi independente da presença ou da ausência de suínos. Não foi detectada a presença de Leptospira spp. e de Trichinella spiralis em nenhum animal avaliado. Foi detectada, porém, a presença de Salmonella Enteritidis em um Rattus norvegicus e em um Didelphis albiventris. Nas condições em que esse estudo foi realizado, os nossos resultados indicam que ratos e gambás que habitam granjas avícolas não constituem um fator de risco na transmissão de Trichinella e de Leptospira. A detecção de Salmonella Enteritidis tanto em ratos quanto em gambás, porém, sugere a necessidade de aplicar medidas profiláticas em granjas avícolas para maior controle desse agente.

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          Most cited references34

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          Factors affecting the flow among domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of Trichinella.

          Nematodes of the genus Trichinella are maintained in nature by sylvatic or domestic cycles. The sylvatic cycle is widespread on all continents, from frigid to torrid zones, and it is maintained by cannibalism and scavenging behavior of carnivores. Trichinella is primarily a parasite of carnivorous mammals, although one non-encapsulated species, Trichinella pseudospiralis, has also been detected in birds. The anaerobic metabolism of larvae in nurse cells allows their survival in extremely decayed meat. Encapsulated larvae in the decomposing carcass function similarly to the species-dispersing population of eggs or larvae of other nematodes, suggesting that the natural cycle of Trichinella includes a free-living stage when the parasite is no longer protected by the homeothermy of the host. Consequently, environmental temperature and humidity play an important role in the transmission of Trichinella among wildlife. Of the 10 recognized genotypes of Trichinella, only Trichinella spiralis is transmitted and maintained in a domestic cycle, although it can be present also in wildlife. All other genotypes (Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi, T. pseudospiralis, Trichinella murrelli, Trichinella nelsoni and Trichinella papuae, Trichinella T6, T8, and T9) are transmitted and maintained only in a sylvatic cycle. This generalization does not preclude sylvatic species of Trichinella from invading the domestic habitat, and T. spiralis may return to this habitat when humans fail in the management of wildlife and domestic animals. However, the presence of sylvatic genotypes of Trichinella in the domestic habitat represents a "dead-end" for the sylvatic cycle. Synanthropic animals (rats, foxes, mustelids, cats, dogs, etc.) contribute to the flow of sylvatic Trichinella genotypes from wildlife to domestic animals and of T. spiralis from domestic to sylvatic animals. Furthermore, human behavior not only influences the transmission patterns of Trichinella genotypes in the domestic habitat, but also it can contribute to the transmission and spread of this infection among wildlife, for example by improper hunting practices.
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            Serological studies on leptospirosis in livestock and chickens from Grenada and Trinidad.

            Sera from 1,206 livestock animals and chickens on Grenada and Trinidad were tested for leptospiral antibodies by the microscopic agglutination test. 376 of the sera were positive (25% of those tested on Grenada and 44% on Trinidad). The positive sera were obtained from 25% of 324 cattle, 35% of 130 pigs, 35% of 146 sheep, 25% of 44 goats and 11% of 175 chickens on Grenada; and 92% of 26 cattle, 53% of 122 pigs, 76% of 87 horses and donkeys and 11% of 144 chickens on Trinidad. Eight sera from ducks and geese on Trinidad were tested and found to be negative. The serogroups most commonly found to react with the sera of the Grenadian animals were Autumnalis, Icterohaemorrhagiae, Hebdomadis and the related serogroups Sejroe and Mini, and Pyrogenes; in the Trinidadian animals they were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Autumnalis, Hebdomadis and its related serogroups, and Panama. Strains of serogroup Pomona do not appear to have become established as livestock pathogens on the islands.
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              SILVER STAINING OF SPIROCHAETES IN SINGLE TISSUE SECTIONS.

              S Faine (1965)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bjm
                Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
                Braz. J. Microbiol.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia (São Paulo )
                1678-4405
                December 2004
                : 35
                : 4
                : 359-363
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Buenos Aires Argentina
                [2 ] Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas
                [3 ] Universidad de Buenos Aires Argentina
                [4 ] Instituto de Patobiología
                [5 ] Empresa de Control Bromatológico Tecnofood
                Article
                S1517-83822004000300017
                10.1590/S1517-83822004000300017
                b5384301-f6e0-4e30-a6e5-5d59c87b07a0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1517-8382&lng=en
                Categories
                MICROBIOLOGY

                Microbiology & Virology
                zoonosis,Salmonella,poultry farms,rats,opossum,zoonose,granjas avícolas,ratos,gambás
                Microbiology & Virology
                zoonosis, Salmonella, poultry farms, rats, opossum, zoonose, granjas avícolas, ratos, gambás

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