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      Effects of monosodium glutamate on apoptosis of germ cells in testicular tissue of adult rat: An experimental study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is used as a flavoring and food seasoning. Some studies have reported the oxidative effects of using this substance on various tissues.

          Objective

          This study has investigated the effects of MSG and the protective effect of vitamin C (vit C) on apoptosis of testicular germ cells and biochemical factors.

          Materials and Methods

          In this experimental study, 24 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: control (received distilled water), vit C group (150 mg/kg), experimental group 1 (MSG 3 gr/kg), experimental group 2 (MSG 3 gr/kg + vit C 150 mg/kg). The rats were gavaged for 30 days, and then were sacrificed, the right testis was isolated for biochemical examinations for the glutathione, malondialdehyde, and left testis used in histological experiments. Tunnel staining was used to determine the number of apoptotic cells.

          Results

          The results showed that apoptotic cells in the MSG group had a significant increase compared to the control group (P = 0.001), but the number of these cells in the MSG co-administered with vit C and vit C groups were significantly lower than the MSG group. Germinal epithelial thickness also decreased in MSG group compared to the control group.

          Conclusion

          MSG can lead to increase apoptotic changes in the germinal epithelial of the testicle, and vit C as an antioxidant can modify the pathological and biochemical changes induced by MSG.

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          Most cited references19

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          Apoptosis in development.

          Pascal Meier, Andrew John Finch, Gerard Evan (2000)
          Essential to the construction, maintenance and repair of tissues is the ability to induce suicide of supernumerary, misplaced or damaged cells with high specificity and efficiency. Study of three principal organisms--the nematode, fruitfly and mouse--indicate that cell suicide is implemented through the activation of an evolutionarily conserved molecular programme intrinsic to all metazoan cells. Dysfunctions in the regulation or execution of cell suicide are implicated in a wide range of developmental abnormalities and diseases.
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            The safety evaluation of monosodium glutamate.

            Ronald Walker, John R. Lupien (2000)
            L-Glutamic acid and its ammonium, calcium, monosodium and potassium salts were evaluated by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) in 1988. The Committee noted that intestinal and hepatic metabolism results in elevation of levels in systemic circulation only after extremely high doses given by gavage (>30mg/kg body weight). Ingestion of monosodium glutamate (MSG) was not associated with elevated levels in maternal milk, and glutamate did not readily pass the placental barrier. Human infants metabolized glutamate similarly to adults. Conventional toxicity studies using dietary administration of MSG in several species did not reveal any specific toxic or carcinogenic effects nor were there any adverse outcomes in reproduction and teratology studies. Attention was paid to central nervous system lesions produced in several species after parenteral administration of MSG or as a consequence of very high doses by gavage. Comparative studies indicated that the neonatal mouse was most sensitive to neuronal injury; older animals and other species (including primates) were less so. Blood levels of glutamate associated with lesions of the hypothalamus in the neonatal mouse were not approached in humans even after bolus doses of 10 g MSG in drinking water. Because human studies failed to confirm an involvement of MSG in "Chinese Restaurant Syndrome" or other idiosyncratic intolerance, the JECFA allocated an "acceptable daily intake (ADI) not specified" to glutamic acid and its salts. No additional risk to infants was indicated. The Scientific Committee for Food (SCF) of the European Commission reached a similar evaluation in 1991. The conclusions of a subsequent review by the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) and the Federal Drug Administration (FDA) did not discount the existence of a sensitive subpopulation but otherwise concurred with the safety evaluation of JECFA and the SCF.
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              MSG intake suppresses weight gain, fat deposition, and plasma leptin levels in male Sprague-Dawley rats.

              Takashi Kondoh, Kunio Torii (2008)
              Monosodium l-glutamate (MSG), an umami taste substance, may be a key molecule coupled to a food intake signaling pathway, possibly mediated through a specific l-glutamate (GLU) sensing mechanism in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we investigated the effect of the spontaneous ingestion of a 1% MSG solution and water on food intake and body weight in male Sprague-Dawley rats fed diets of varying caloric density, fat and carbohydrate contents. Fat mass and lean mass in the abdomen, blood pressure, and several blood metabolic markers were also measured. Rats given free access to MSG and water showed a high preference (93-97%) for the MSG solution, regardless of the diet they consumed. Rats ingesting MSG had a significantly smaller weight gain, reduced abdominal fat mass, and lower plasma leptin levels, compared to rats ingesting water alone. Naso-anal length, lean mass, food and energy intakes, blood pressure, blood glucose, and plasma levels of insulin, triglyceride, total cholesterol, albumin, and GLU were not influenced by the ingestion of the MSG solution. These same effects were observed in a study of adult rats. Together, these results suggest that MSG ingestion reduces weight gain, body fat mass, and plasma leptin levels. Moreover, these changes are likely to be mediated by increased energy expenditure, not reduced energy intake or delayed development. Conceivably, these effects of MSG might be mediated via gut GLU receptors functionally linked to afferent branches of the vagus nerve in the gut, or the afferent sensory nerves in the oral cavity.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Reprod Biomed (Yazd)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJRM
                Title: International Journal of Reproductive Biomedicine
                Publisher: Knowledge E
                ISSN (Print): 2476-4108
                ISSN (Electronic): 2476-3772
                Publication date Collection: April 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 28 May 2019
                Volume: 17
                Issue: 4
                Electronic Location Identifier: ijrm.v17i4.4551
                Affiliations
                1 deptDepartment of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
                2 deptDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
                Author notes
                *Mehdi Jalali; School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Pardis Campus, Azadi Sq., Mashhad, Iran. Email: jalalim@mums.ac.ir; Tel: (+98) 9355164600; Postal Code: 9177948564
                Article
                DOI: 10.18502/ijrm.v17i4.4551
                PMC ID: 6686650
                PubMed ID: 31435603
                SO-VID: b538696e-bed2-481a-ae8a-cd355abd978a
                Copyright © Copyright © 2019 Fatemeh Rahimi Anbarkeh et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. which permits unrestricted use and redistribution provided that the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 11 July 2018
                Date revision received : 1 January 2019
                Date accepted : 7 January 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 2, References: 29, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: apoptosis, monosodium glutamate, rat, testis, vitamin c
                Data availability:
                Keywords: apoptosis, monosodium glutamate, rat, testis, vitamin c

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