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      SELECCIÓN DE PARÁMETROS EN EL DISEÑO DE UNAINSTALACIÓN MÓVIL PARA LA ORDEÑA DE CABRAS

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          Abstract

          El proceso de producción de la leche de cabra debe ser realizado con tecnología similar a la utilizada en la ordeña de vacas en sistemas intensivos. En años recientes, la leche de cabra ha adquirido nuevos adeptos; la leche fresca la consumen personas con alergia a la leche bovina o con problemas por el tamaño de la partícula grasa, y con la leche de cabra se elaboran diferentes tipos de quesos, entre otros productos. Un consumidor cada vez más informado exige tanto higiene en el proceso de ordeña como calidad sanitaria; principalmente control de la brucelosis, debido a su alta incidencia en Latinoamérica. Por lo tanto, es fundamental que durante el proceso de producción y transformación de la leche se preste mayor atención a la calidad de la misma, asegurando a los consumidores un producto de excelente calidad. Este trabajo enlista los principales parámetros que debe tener el equipo adecuado para la ordeña de cabras en sistemas tecnificados de bajo costo y lechería familiar, predominantes en el Altiplano de México y otras regiones de pastoreo extensivo en el mundo. Lo anterior involucra el proceso de ordeña mismo y su interacción con otros elementos del sistema mecanizado. Se proponen las características del diseño para que la ordeña sea realizada en una instalación móvil, adaptable a la mayor diversidad de sistemas de producción de leche de cabra.

          Translated abstract

          Goat milk production should be carried out using the same technology employed in intensive cow milking systems. Recently, a larger number of consumers demand goat’s milk. People with allergies or problems due to the larger size of fat globules of cows milk consume fresh goats milk, which is also used to produce several types of cheeses, among other products. A well informed consumer demands better management procedures for handling goats milk as well as better hygiene, mainly regarding control of brucellosis, a high incidence disease in Latin America. Therefore, it is important to pay more attention to quality and hygienic aspects during the milk production and transformation processes. Following certain basic rules, it is possible to guarantee consumers a high quality product. This paper includes a list of the main parameters and characteristics for a suitable low cost goat milking equipment for family enterprises, which predominate in the Mexican high plains and other regions of intensive grazing in the world. The milking process and its interaction with all other devices and procedures in a mechanized system are analyzed. The design of a mobile installation for milking goats, adaptable to a wide range of milk production systems, is presented.

          Translated abstract

          O processo de produção do leite de cabra deve ser realizado com tecnologia similar à utilizada na ordenha de vacas em sistemas intensivos. Em anos recentes, o leite de cabra tem adquirido novos adeptos; o leite fresco é consumido pelas pessoas com alergia ao leite bovino ou com problemas pelo tamanho da partícula gordurosa, e com o leite de cabra se elaboram diferentes tipos de queijos, entre outros produtos. Um consumidor cada vez mais informado exige tanto higiene no processo de ordenha como qualidade sanitária; principalmente controle da brucelose, devido a sua alta incidência na América Latina. Portanto, é fundamental que durante o processo de produção e transformação do leite se preste maior atenção à qualidade da mesma, assegurando aos consumidores um produto de excelente qualidade. Este trabalho relaciona os principais parâmetros que deve ter a equipe adequada para a ordenha de cabras em sistemas tecnificados de baixo custo e produção de leite doméstico, predominantes no Altiplano de México e outras regiões de pastoreio extensivo no mundo. O anterior envolve o processo próprio de ordenha e sua interação com outros elementos do sistema mecanizado. Propõem-se as características do desenho para que a ordenha seja realizada em uma instalação móvel, adaptável à maior diversidade de sistemas de produção de leite de cabra.

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          Most cited references15

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          Oxytocin release and milk removal in ruminants.

          Before milking, less than 20% of the milk yielded by dairy cows is stored within the cistern, where it is immediately available for removal. Most of the milk is available for the milking machine only after milk ejection, which occurs in response to tactile teat stimulation and oxytocin release. For complete milk removal, milk ejection is necessary throughout the entire milking process. The continuation of stimulatory effect of the milking machine until the end of milking is, therefore, essential. Premilking teat stimulation causes induction of alveolar milk ejection before the start of milking. Thus, bimodal milk flow curves (i.e., interruption of milk flow after removal of the cisternal milk) are avoided. Continual ejection of milk is dependent on the presence of elevated oxytocin concentrations during the entire milking. Any interruption of the milk ejection process can disturb milk removal. Disruption of milk removal can be caused by peripheral inhibition of oxytocin effects on the mammary gland or by inhibition of oxytocin release by the central nervous system. Peripheral inhibition is induced by elevated concentrations of catecholamines through stimulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors in the mammary gland, likely via changes in ductal resistance. Inhibition of oxytocin release by the central nervous system has been observed in primiparous cows immediately after parturition, during peak estrus, and during milking in unfamiliar surroundings; concentrations of beta-endorphin and cortisol are elevated in this situation. However, the role of endogenous opioid peptides in the inhibition of oxytocin release in cows remains unclear. In conclusion, during machine-milking, the physiological requirements of the cows need to be considered, and, most importantly, stressors must be minimized.
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            Past, present, and future perspectives of small ruminant dairy research.

            G Haenlein (2001)
            The objectives of this paper are to review small ruminant dairy research in relation to the dimensions of the dairy goat and dairy sheep industries in the United States and the world. At least 10 countries depend on goats and sheep for between 30 to 76% of total milk supply. Leading among developed countries is Greece producing 178 kg milk per person per year with 61% from sheep and goats. Most developing countries need research, extension service, and public support to improve apparent productivity of goats and sheep. Domestic supply from all milk sources is 700 kg of milk/goat per year, and some dairy sheep breeds may produce as much as 650 kg/yr. The need for more milk availability appears to be reflected in the dramatic increases of dairy goat populations during the last 20 yr: 52% for the world, 56% for developing, 17% for developed countries, while sheep populations decreased by 3% for the world, by 6% in developed, but increased 14% in developing countries. Research has been sparse on the unique qualities of goat and sheep milk compared with cow milk. Much development work by various agencies has been devoted to reducing mortality and improving feed supplies in harmony with the environment; this work is mostly published in proceedings of scientific meetings, often not in English. Results have shown in many cases that dairy goats and dairy sheep can be very profitable, even in developing countries with difficult climate and topographical conditions.
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              Machine milking of dairy goats during lactation: udder anatomy, milking characteristics, and blood concentrations of oxytocin and prolactin

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                inci
                Interciencia
                INCI
                ASOCIACIÓN INTERCIENCIA (Caracas )
                0378-1844
                September 2005
                : 30
                : 9
                : 92-112
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí México
                [2 ] Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí México
                [3 ] Colegio de Postgraduados, Campus San Luis Potosí México
                Article
                S0378-18442005000900011
                b53f9708-f551-4a95-a570-1f7c5c06e7be

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Venezuela

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.ve/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0378-1844&lng=en
                Categories
                ECOLOGY

                Ecology
                Control de Calidad de la Leche,Equipo de Ordeña,Ordeña Mecanizada de Cabras
                Ecology
                Control de Calidad de la Leche, Equipo de Ordeña, Ordeña Mecanizada de Cabras

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