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      Regeneration of articular cartilage defects: Therapeutic strategies and perspectives

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          Abstract

          Articular cartilage (AC), a bone-to-bone protective device made of up to 80% water and populated by only one cell type (i.e. chondrocyte), has limited capacity for regeneration and self-repair after being damaged because of its low cell density, alymphatic and avascular nature. Resulting repair of cartilage defects, such as osteoarthritis (OA), is highly challenging in clinical treatment. Fortunately, the development of tissue engineering provides a promising method for growing cells in cartilage regeneration and repair by using hydrogels or the porous scaffolds. In this paper, we review the therapeutic strategies for AC defects, including current treatment methods, engineering/regenerative strategies, recent advances in biomaterials, and present emphasize on the perspectives of gene regulation and therapy of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as circular RNA (circRNA) and microRNA (miRNA).

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          Highly stretchable and tough hydrogels.

          Jeong-Yun Sun, Xuanhe Zhao, Widusha R K Illeperuma … (2012)
          Hydrogels are used as scaffolds for tissue engineering, vehicles for drug delivery, actuators for optics and fluidics, and model extracellular matrices for biological studies. The scope of hydrogel applications, however, is often severely limited by their mechanical behaviour. Most hydrogels do not exhibit high stretchability; for example, an alginate hydrogel ruptures when stretched to about 1.2 times its original length. Some synthetic elastic hydrogels have achieved stretches in the range 10-20, but these values are markedly reduced in samples containing notches. Most hydrogels are brittle, with fracture energies of about 10 J m(-2) (ref. 8), as compared with ∼1,000 J m(-2) for cartilage and ∼10,000 J m(-2) for natural rubbers. Intense efforts are devoted to synthesizing hydrogels with improved mechanical properties; certain synthetic gels have reached fracture energies of 100-1,000 J m(-2) (refs 11, 14, 17). Here we report the synthesis of hydrogels from polymers forming ionically and covalently crosslinked networks. Although such gels contain ∼90% water, they can be stretched beyond 20 times their initial length, and have fracture energies of ∼9,000 J m(-2). Even for samples containing notches, a stretch of 17 is demonstrated. We attribute the gels' toughness to the synergy of two mechanisms: crack bridging by the network of covalent crosslinks, and hysteresis by unzipping the network of ionic crosslinks. Furthermore, the network of covalent crosslinks preserves the memory of the initial state, so that much of the large deformation is removed on unloading. The unzipped ionic crosslinks cause internal damage, which heals by re-zipping. These gels may serve as model systems to explore mechanisms of deformation and energy dissipation, and expand the scope of hydrogel applications.
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            Tissue engineering

            R. Langer, J. Vacanti (1993)
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              Gelatin-Methacryloyl Hydrogels: Towards Biofabrication-Based Tissue Repair.

              Barbara J Klotz, Debby Gawlitta, Antoine J.W.P. Rosenberg … (2016)
              Research over the past decade on the cell-biomaterial interface has shifted to the third dimension. Besides mimicking the native extracellular environment by 3D cell culture, hydrogels offer the possibility to generate well-defined 3D biofabricated tissue analogs. In this context, gelatin-methacryloyl (gelMA) hydrogels have recently gained increased attention. This interest is sparked by the combination of the inherent bioactivity of gelatin and the physicochemical tailorability of photo-crosslinkable hydrogels. GelMA is a versatile matrix that can be used to engineer tissue analogs ranging from vasculature to cartilage and bone. Convergence of biological and biofabrication approaches is necessary to progress from merely proving cell functionality or construct shape fidelity towards regenerating tissues. GelMA has a critical pioneering role in this process and could be used to accelerate the development of clinically relevant applications.
              Article 0 comments Cited 286 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Tissue Eng
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Tissue Eng
                Journal ID (publisher-id): TEJ
                Journal ID (hwp): sptej
                Title: Journal of Tissue Engineering
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage UK: London, England )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-7314
                Publication date (Electronic): 31 March 2023
                Publication date Collection: Jan-Dec 2023
                Volume: 14
                Electronic Location Identifier: 20417314231164765
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institutes of Health Central Plain, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Clinical Medical Center of Tissue Engineering and Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
                [2 ]Abdominal Surgical Oncology, Xinxiang Central Hospital, Institute of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
                [3 ]Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
                Author notes
                [*]Wenjie Ren, Institute of Regenerative Medicine and Orthopedics, Institutes of Health Central Plain, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Avenue, Hongqi District, Xinxiang 453003, Henan, China. Email: wjren1966@ 123456163.com
                [*]Guangdong Zhou, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Key Lab of Tissue Engineering, Shanghai 9th People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Shanghai Manufacturing Bureau Road, Shanghai 200011, China. Email: guangdongzhou@ 123456126.com
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2318-8678
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_20417314231164765
                DOI: 10.1177/20417314231164765
                PMC ID: 10071204
                PubMed ID: 37025158
                SO-VID: b5586d07-deeb-4b19-a206-2d1c621dbe68
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2023
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Date received : 4 November 2022
                Date accepted : 3 March 2023
                Funding
                Funded by: natural science foundation of henan province, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100006407;
                Award ID: No. 202300410320
                Funded by: the Major Science and Technology Projects of Xinxiang City, ;
                Award ID: No. 21ZD006
                Funded by: the Open Project Program of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, ;
                Award ID: No. KFKTYB202119, No. KFKTZD202105, No. KFKTYB2021
                Funded by: the Key Research and Development Program of Henan province, ;
                Award ID: No. 221111310100
                Categories
                Subject: Review
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January-December 2023
                typesetter ts1

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: articular cartilage,tissue engineering,therapeutic strategies,osteoarthritis,ncrnas
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biomedical engineering
                Keywords: articular cartilage, tissue engineering, therapeutic strategies, osteoarthritis, ncrnas

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