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      Invertebrate composition in submerged macrophyte debris: habitat and degradation time effects Translated title: Composición funcional de invertebrados en los detritos de macrófitas sumergidas: efectos del hábitat y del tiempo de degradación

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          Abstract

          The aim of this study was to determine if the rate of degradation and the habitat type associated with two submersed macrophytes affect the structure of the invertebrate communities in a shallow subtropical lake. We evaluated debris decomposition rate with a litter bags approach, assigned to four treatments: Potamogeton pectinatus decomposing inside their own stand (PP) and inside a Chara zeylanica stand (PC), and C. zeylanica decomposing inside their own stand (CC) and inside a P. pectinatus stand (CP). During the degradation experiment (20 days), we evaluated the fauna associated both with debris and at live macrophytes. The debris were washed, dried and the coefficient of degradation was determined. We estimated the richness and abundance of taxa of associated invertebrates, and they were classified into functional feeding groups. We evaluated preference of invertebrate communities comparing fauna at live macrophytes and their debris. We observed differences in mass loss between the treatments. Chara zeylanica showed a mass loss four times faster than P. pectinatus. The highest invertebrate abundance occurred in treatment PP and highest invertebrate richness in treatments CC and PP. Collectors and predators showed the highest abundances. The PP treatment had the greatest number of collectors and PC an equitable distribution of all functional groups. Five taxa showed preference for P. pectinatus debris instead of C. zeylanica or P. pectinatus alive, and debris of charophyte was preferred by six taxa instead of alive plant, and by two taxa when the debris were incubated in the stand of P. pectinatus. Our study demonstrated the interference of the incubation site on the decomposition coefficient and on the structuring of the invertebrate communities, and that the abundance of invertebrate at detritus is mainly due to abundance at live plants. Also, the absence of shredders suggests the use of debris mainly as shelter instead of food resource.

          Translated abstract

          El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si el tiempo de degradación y el hábitat provisto por dos macrófitas sumergidas afectan la estructura de la comunidad de invertebrados en un lago somero subtropical. Se evaluó la descomposición de detrito en 60 bolsas. Los detritos fueron asignados al azar a cuatro tratamientos: Potamogeton pectinatus en descomposición dentro de su propio stand (PP) y en el interior de un stand de Chara zeylanica (PC), y C. zeylanica dentro de su propio stand (CC) y en el interior de un stand de P. pectinatus (CP). Durante el experimento de degradación (20 días) se evaluó la fauna asociada tanto a los detritos como a las macrófitas vivas. Las bolsas de detrito se lavaron, se secaron y luego se determinó el coeficiente de degradación. Estimamos la riqueza y la abundancia de los taxa de invertebrados asociados y evaluamos la preferencia de las comunidades de invertebrados comparando la fauna de las macrófitas vivas y de sus detritos. Los invertebrados asociados se clasificaron en grupos funcionales de alimentación. Chara zeylanica mostró una pérdida de peso cuatro veces más rápida que P. pectinatus. La mayor abundancia de invertebrados se produjo en el tratamiento PP y la mayor riqueza de invertebrados en los tratamientos de CC y PP. Los colectores y depredadores presentaron las mayores abundancias. El tratamiento PP tuvo el mayor número de colectores y PC una distribución más equitativa de los grupos funcionales. Cinco taxones mostraron preferencia por detritos de P. pectinatus en lugar de C. zeylanica o P. pectinatus vivos, y los detritos de la carófita fueron preferidos por seis taxones dentro de las plantas vivas, y por dos taxones cuando se incubaron en el interior del stand de P. pectinatus. Nuestro estudio demostró el efecto del sitio de incubación en el coeficiente de descomposición y en la estructura de las comunidades de invertebrados, y reveló que la abundancia de invertebrados en detritus se debe principalmente a su abundancia en las plantas vivas. Además, la ausencia de trituradores sugiere el uso de detritos principalmente como refugio en lugar de como recurso alimentario.

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          Habitat complexity: approaches and future directions

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            The dual importance of competition and predation as regulatory forces in terrestrial ecosystems: evidence from decomposer food-webs

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              Functional feeding groups of aquatic insect families in Latin America: a critical analysis and review of existing literature

              Aquatic macroinvertebrates are involved in numerous processes within aquatic ecosystems. They often have important effects on ecosystem processes such as primary production (via grazing), detritus breakdown, and nutrient mineralization and downstream spiraling. The functional feeding groups (FFG) classification was developed as a tool to facilitate the incorporation of macroinvertebrates in studies of aquatic ecosystems. This classification has the advantage of combining morphological characteristics (e.g., mouth part specialization) and behavioral mechanisms (e.g., way of feeding) used by macroinvertebrates when consuming resources. Although recent efforts have greatly advanced our ability to identify aquatic macroinvertebrates, there is limited information on FFG assignment. Furthermore, there has been some variation in the use of the FFG classification, in part due to an emphasis on using gut content analysis to assign FFG, which is more appropriate for assigning trophic guilds. Thus, the main goals of this study are to (1) provide an overview of the value of using the FFG classification, (2) make an initial attempt to summarize available information on FFG for aquatic insects in Latin America, and (3) provide general guidelines on how to assign organisms to their FFGs. FFGs are intended to reflect the potential effects of organisms in their ecosystems and the way they consume resources. Groups include scrapers that consume resources that grow attached to the substrate by removing them with their mouth parts; shredders that cut or chew pieces of living or dead plant material, including all plant parts like leaves and wood; collectors-gatherers that use modified mouth parts to sieve or collect small particles (< 1 mm) accumulated on the stream bottom; filterers that have special adaptations to remove particles directly from the water column; and predators that consume other organisms using different strategies to capture them. In addition, we provide details on piercers that feed on vascular plants by cutting or piercing the tissue using sharp or chewing mouth parts and consume plant liquids. We also provide a list of families of aquatic insects in Latin America, with an initial assignment to FFGs. We recommended caution when assigning FFGs based on gut contents, as it can provide misleading information. Overall, FFG is a very useful tool to understand the role of aquatic macroinvertebrates in stream ecosystems and comparisons among studies will benefit from consistency in their use.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ecoaus
                Ecología austral
                Ecol. austral
                Asociación Argentina de Ecología (Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina )
                1667-782X
                April 2018
                : 28
                : 1
                : 93-103
                Affiliations
                [01] Rio Grande RS orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia de Ambientes Aquáticos Continentais Brasil
                [03] orgnameUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande - FURG orgdiv1Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - ICB orgdiv2Laboratório de Limnologia
                [02] Erechim RS orgnameUniversidade Regional Integrada do Alto Uruguai e das Missões orgdiv1Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia Brasil
                Article
                S1667-782X2018000100006
                b5ba8bf4-bacd-4dfb-8648-fa35b0192c46

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 25 October 2016
                : 11 October 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 11
                Product

                SciELO Argentina

                Categories
                Original researches

                Microhabitat structure,Decomposition,Shallow lake,Grupos funcionales de alimentación,Estructura de microhabitat,Descomposición,Lagos someros,Functional feeding groups

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