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      Giardia duodenalis in Alpine ( Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra) and Apennine ( Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata) chamois

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          Abstract

          Background

          Although chamois Rupicapra spp. are the most abundant mountain ungulates in Europe, no data are available on the presence of Giardia duodenalis infecting these species.

          Methods

          A total of 157 fecal samples from Alpine Rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra and Apennine Rupicapra pyrenaica ornata chamois were tested for the presence of G. duodenalis by immunofluorescence test, quantitative Real Time PCR and end-point PCR for genotype characterization.

          Results

          G. duodenalis was detected in R. r. rupicapra and R. p. ornata, with a percentage value of 4.45 (5.82 and 1.85 %, respectively), and a cyst burden of up to 31,800 cysts/g of feces. Assemblages A/AI and E were identified in R. r. rupicapra and assemblage A/AIII in R. p. ornata.

          Conclusions

          The present study represents the first record of Giardia duodenalis in Rupicapra spp., suggesting that these wild bovids can play an epidemiological role in environmental contamination and transmission of both zoonotic and non-zoonotic genotypes.

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          Most cited references32

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          Zoonotic potential and molecular epidemiology of Giardia species and giardiasis.

          Yaoyu Feng, Lihua Xiao (2011)
          Molecular diagnostic tools have been used recently in assessing the taxonomy, zoonotic potential, and transmission of Giardia species and giardiasis in humans and animals. The results of these studies have firmly established giardiasis as a zoonotic disease, although host adaptation at the genotype and subtype levels has reduced the likelihood of zoonotic transmission. These studies have also identified variations in the distribution of Giardia duodenalis genotypes among geographic areas and between domestic and wild ruminants and differences in clinical manifestations and outbreak potentials of assemblages A and B. Nevertheless, our efforts in characterizing the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis and the roles of various animals in the transmission of human giardiasis are compromised by the lack of case-control and longitudinal cohort studies and the sampling and testing of humans and animals living in the same community, the frequent occurrence of infections with mixed genotypes and subtypes, and the apparent heterozygosity at some genetic loci for some G. duodenalis genotypes. With the increased usage of multilocus genotyping tools, the development of next-generation subtyping tools, the integration of molecular analysis in epidemiological studies, and an improved understanding of the population genetics of G. duodenalis in humans and animals, we should soon have a better appreciation of the molecular epidemiology of giardiasis, the disease burden of zoonotic transmission, the taxonomy status and virulences of various G. duodenalis genotypes, and the ecology of environmental contamination.
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            Zoonotic potential of Giardia.

            Una Ryan, Simone M. Cacciò (2013)
            Giardia duodenalis (syn. Giardia lamblia and Giardia intestinalis) is a common intestinal parasite of humans and mammals worldwide. Assessing the zoonotic transmission of the infection requires molecular characterization as there is considerable genetic variation within G. duodenalis. To date eight major genetic groups (assemblages) have been identified, two of which (A and B) are found in both humans and animals, whereas the remaining six (C to H) are host-specific and do not infect humans. Sequence-based surveys of single loci have identified a number of genetic variants (genotypes) within assemblages A and B in animal species, some of which may have zoonotic potential. Multi-locus typing data, however, has shown that in most cases, animals do not share identical multi-locus types with humans. Furthermore, interpretation of genotyping data is complicated by the presence of multiple alleles that generate "double peaks" in sequencing files from PCR products, and by the potential exchange of genetic material among isolates, which may account for the non-concordance in the assignment of isolates to specific assemblages. Therefore, a better understanding of the genetics of this parasite is required to allow the design of more sensitive and variable subtyping tools, that in turn may help unravel the complex epidemiology of this infection. Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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              Discrimination of all genotypes of Giardia duodenalis at the glutamate dehydrogenase locus using PCR-RFLP.

              P Monis, R Thompson, Jenny Read (2004)
              A PCR-RFLP genotyping tool was developed and used to characterise morphologically identical isolates of Giardia duodenalis from a variety of host species. Primers were designed to amplify a 432bp region of the glutamate dehydrogenase gene (gdh) from genetic Assemblages AI, AII, BIII, BIV, C, D and E of G. duodenalis. DNA extracted from cultured Giardia trophozoites, Giardia cysts purified from faeces and directly from whole faeces was amplified and sequenced at the gdh and 18SrDNA loci. The gdh sequences were identical with published gdh sequences for each assemblage with a few exceptions. However, in some cases genotyping results obtained using gdh differed from 18SrDNA genotyping results. From gdh sequence information a PCR-RFLP profile was identified for each of the genetic assemblages. PCR-RFLP is a reproducible, reliable and sensitive method for genotyping Giardia. Eight human, 12 cat, 9 dog and 16 cattle faecal isolates were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. This method allows G. duodenalis isolates from human-beings, their companion animals and livestock to be genotyped directly from faeces, leading to valuable information about Giardia genotypes in population without the need for in vitro/in vivo amplification.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Claudio De Liberato: claudio.deliberato@izslt.it
                Federica Berrilli: berrilli@uniroma2.it
                Marianna Marangi: marianna.marangi@unifg.it
                Maristella Santoro: maristella5384@gmail.com
                Tiziana Trogu: tiziana.trogu@unimi.it
                Lorenza Putignani: lorenza.putignani@opbg.net
                Paolo Lanfranchi: paolo.lanfranchi@unimi.it
                Francesco Ferretti: francescoferretti82@gmail.com
                Stefano D’Amelio: stefano.damelio@uniroma1.it
                Annunziata Giangaspero: + 39 0881 589227 , annunziata.giangaspero@unifg.it
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Parasit Vectors
                Title: Parasites & Vectors
                Publisher: BioMed Central (London )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 December 2015
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 December 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 8
                Electronic Location Identifier: 650
                Affiliations
                [ ]Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana “M. Aleandri”, 00178 Roma, Italy
                [ ]Dipartimento di Medicina sperimentale e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, 00133 Roma, Italy
                [ ]Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, degli Alimenti e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Foggia, 71121 Foggia, Italy
                [ ]Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie e di Sanità pubblica, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
                [ ]Unità di Parassitologia e Unità di Ricerca di Metagenomica, Bambino Gesù, Ospedale Pediatrico e Istituto di Ricerca, 00165 Roma, Italy
                [ ]Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
                [ ]Dipartimento di Sanità pubblica e Malattie infettive, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Sapienza’, 00185 Roma, Italy
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1243
                DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1243-1
                PMC ID: 4687356
                SO-VID: b5c546ff-3594-4a1a-b5ac-81bc6ae89e18
                Copyright © © De Liberato et al. 2015
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                Date received : 9 August 2015
                Date accepted : 3 December 2015
                Funding
                Funded by: MIUR- Relevant Italian Project (PRIN)
                Award ID: 2010P7LFW4 (2013-2016)
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Ricerca Corrente
                Award ID: RC201302P002991 and RC201302G003050 (2013) and RC201402G003251 (2014)
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Subject: Research
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Author(s) 2015

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: giardia duodenalis,rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra,rupicapra pyrenaica ornata,if,qpcr,end-point-pcr
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Keywords: giardia duodenalis, rupicapra rupicapra rupicapra, rupicapra pyrenaica ornata, if, qpcr, end-point-pcr

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