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      Risk factors associated with drug use before imprisonment in Peru Translated title: Factores de riesgo asociados al consumo de drogas antes del ingreso a las penitenciarías del Perú

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To assess the prevalence of drug abuse before prison admission and to identify associated sociodemographic and family history risk factors, according to gender, in prisons of Peru.

          Materials and methods

          A secondary analysis was carried out with data from the First National Prisoner Census 2016, using a questionnaire of 173 items that was applied to the whole prison population of Peru. The types of drugs used before admission were analyzed according to characteristics of the penitentiary population, and generalized linear models were used to calculate prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals to identify possible factors associated with drug use.

          Results

          Out of a population of 76,180 prisoners, 71,184 (93.4%) answered the survey (men 67,071, 94.2%). The overall prevalence of drug consumption before admission was 24.4% (25.3 % in men and 9.1% in women), the highest prevalence in the 18-29 age group (36.3% in men and 14.9% in women). The most commonly used drugs were marijuana (58.2%), coca paste/cocaine or crack (40.3%) and inhalants (1%). The factors most strongly associated with consumption were having a family member who consumed drugs (59.8%), history of previous imprisonment (59.1%), unemployment (48.4%), relationships at school with classmates who had problems with the law (46.9%), background of a family member who attended a penitentiary (38.4%), and history of running away from home before age 15 (35.9%).

          Conclusions

          In Peru, drug use is higher in the prison population than in the general population, and there are differences according to sex in the prevalence of drug use and associated factors prior to admission to a prison. The study demonstrated that childhood events, such as child abuse, having a family member imprisoned, having a family member who used drugs, or who previously abused alcohol, are factors associated with drug use in the penitentiary population. Some of these risk factors are modifiable, so it is important to consider these in the design of social and health policies focused on specific subpopulations to prevent drug use and crime.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Determinar la prevalencia del consumo de drogas previo al ingreso penitenciario e identificar los factores de riesgo sociodemográficos y familiares asociados, según el sexo, en penitenciarías del Perú.

          Materiales y métodos

          Se realizó un análisis secundario de los datos del Primer Censo Nacional Penitenciario 2016, que empleó un cuestionario de 173 preguntas que fue aplicado a toda la población carcelaria del Perú. Se describieron los tipos de drogas consumidas antes del ingreso según las características de la población penitenciaria, y se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados para calcular razones de prevalencia con intervalos de confianza al 95% para identificar los posibles factores asociados al consumo de drogas.

          Resultados

          De 76.180 presidiarios, 71.184 (93,4%) respondieron la encuesta (hombres 67.071; 94,2%). La prevalencia global de consumo de drogas previo a la reclusión fue del 24,4% (25,3% en hombres y 9,1% en mujeres), mayor en el grupo de 18 a 29 años (36,3% en hombres y 14,9% en mujeres). Las drogas de mayor consumo fueron la marihuana (58,2%), la pasta básica/cocaína o crack (40,3%), y los inhalantes (1%). Los factores más fuertemente asociados al consumo fueron haber tenido en la niñez un miembro del núcleo familiar que consumiera drogas (59,8%), historia de reclusión anterior (59,1%), desempleo (48,4%), relaciones en el colegio con compañeros que tuvieron problemas con la ley (46,9%), antecedentes de un familiar con ingreso a una penitenciaría (38,4%) e historia de fuga o huida de casa (35,9%).

          Conclusiones

          En Perú, el consumo de drogas es más alto en población penitenciaria que en población general, y existen diferencias según sexo en la prevalencia de consumo de drogas y sus factores asociados antes del ingreso a un centro penitenciario. Se encontró que eventos sucedidos en la niñez, como maltrato, o tener un miembro de la familia encarcelado o consumidor de drogas, o haber consumido alcohol previamente, son factores asociados al consumo de drogas en la población penitenciaria. Algunos de estos factores de riesgo son modificables, por lo cual es importante que se tomen en cuenta en el diseño de políticas sociales y sanitarias enfocadas en subpoblaciones específicas para prevenir el consumo de drogas y la comisión de delitos.

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          Most cited references36

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          Global burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors for young people's health during 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013

          Young people's health has emerged as a neglected yet pressing issue in global development. Changing patterns of young people's health have the potential to undermine future population health as well as global economic development unless timely and effective strategies are put into place. We report the past, present, and anticipated burden of disease in young people aged 10-24 years from 1990 to 2013 using data on mortality, disability, injuries, and health risk factors.
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            Substance abuse and dependence in prisoners: a systematic review.

            To review studies of the prevalence of substance abuse and dependence in prisoners on reception into custody. A systematic review of studies measuring the prevalence of drug and alcohol abuse and dependence in male and female prisoners on reception into prison was conducted. Only studies using standardized diagnostic criteria were included. Relevant information, such as mean age, gender and type of prisoner, was recorded for eligible studies. The prevalence estimates were compared with those from large cross-sectional studies of prevalence in prison populations. Thirteen studies with a total of 7563 prisoners met the review criteria. There was substantial heterogeneity among the studies. The estimates of prevalence for alcohol abuse and dependence in male prisoners ranged from 18 to 30% and 10 to 24% in female prisoners. The prevalence estimates of drug abuse and dependence varied from 10 to 48% in male prisoners and 30 to 60% in female prisoners. The prevalence of substance abuse and dependence, although highly variable, is typically many orders of magnitude higher in prisoners than the general population, particularly for women with drug problems. This highlights the need for screening for substance abuse and dependence at reception into prison, effective treatment while in custody, and follow-up on release. Specialist addiction services for prisoners have the potential to make a considerable impact.
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              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Mental health of prisoners: prevalence, adverse outcomes, and interventions

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                Rev Esp Sanid Penit
                sanipe
                Revista Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                Sociedad Española de Sanidad Penitenciaria
                1575-0620
                2013-6463
                2018
                2018
                : 20
                : 1
                : 11-20
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Universidad Privada del Norte. Lima (Perú)
                [2 ]Centro de Investigación en Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC). Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial. Quito (Ecuador)
                [3 ]Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires (Argentina)
                [4 ]Oficina General de Información y Sistemas. Instituto Nacional de Salud. Lima (Perú)
                [5 ]Sociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Amazonía Peruana. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana. Iquitos (Perú)
                [6 ]Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Lima (Perú)
                [7 ]Programa de Medicina Interna General. Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Buenos Aires (Argentina)
                [12]Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Programa de Medicina Interna General, Hospital de Clínicas José de San Martín, Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [8 ]Centro para el Estudio de Sociedad y Estado (CEDES). Buenos Aires (Argentina)
                [9 ]Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Santiago (Chile)
                [10 ]Advanced Center for Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS). Santiago (Chile)
                [11 ]Departamento de Epidemiología Clínica y Bioestadística. Facultad de Medicina. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. Bogotá (Colombia)
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Akram Abdul Hernández Vásquez. Calle Los Faisanes 197. El Agustino, Lima, Perú. E-Mail: akram.hernandez.v@ 123456upch.pe

                AUTHORITY CONTRIBUTIONS: AHV had the idea of investigation. AHV and MCB designed the study, collected the data and analyzed it. All the authors interpreted the data, drafted the manuscript and approved the final version.

                COMPETING INTERESTS: None declared.

                Article
                00003
                6279185
                29641744
                b5cbbbd2-2594-40a5-94c4-3d1865482ddf

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License

                History
                : 28 March 2017
                : 06 July 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 35, Pages: 10
                Categories
                Original Articles

                street drugs,prisoners,self report,sex distribution,substance-related disorders,alcoholism,risk factors,peru,drogas ilícitas,prisioneros,autorreporte,distribución por sexo,trastornos relacionados con sustancias,alcoholismo,factores de riesgo,perú

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