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      Responsabilidad civil médica en telemedicina: una propuesta de principios para una lex artis telemédica Translated title: Medical liability in telemedicine: a proposal of principles for a telemedical leges artis Translated title: Responsabilitat civil mèdica en telemedicina: una proposta de principis per a una lex artis telemèdica

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          Abstract

          Resumen El presente artículo analiza la responsabilidad civil médica atribuible a los profesionales de la salud que intervienen en el proceso de atención a distancia. Con este objeto, se propone un conjunto de principios de los cuales se derivan deberes de cuidado en la telemedicina exigibles a los profesionales de salud y a los prestadores. A partir de los principios de analogía con y complementariedad de la atención presencial, se desarrollan tres categorías de principios especiales para la atención a distancia: principios habilitantes, principios operativos y principios de protección al paciente. Bajo este esquema de principios se especifican deberes de cuidado, distinguiendo aquellos que responden a los riesgos causados por la distancia física de aquellos que surgen de los cambios organizacionales necesarios para este tipo de atención. La aplicación de estos deberes se analiza en tres escenarios de telemedicina: la teleconsulta, la teleinterconsulta y la teleconsultoría. Esta estructura de principios y deberes en la prestación de salud a distancia permite delimitar los alcances de la lex artis para cada escenario específico y, al mismo tiempo, elaborar estrategias regulatorias considerando criterios de necesidad, racionalidad y suficiencia, según los contenidos específicos que caracterizan cada escenario de atención de salud a distancia.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract This article analyzes the civil medical liability imputable to health professionals involved at remote healthcare. To this end, a set of principles is proposed from which health professionals and telemedicine providers are required to perform care duties. Based on the principles of analogy with and complementarity of face-to-face healthcare, three categories of special principles for remote healthcare are developed: enabling principles, operational principles, and patient protection principles. Under this scheme of principles, duties of care are specified, distinguishing those that respond to the risks caused by physical distance from those that arise from the organizational changes necessary for this type of healthcare. The application of these duties is analyzed in three telemedicine scenarios: virtual visit, virtual consult and eConsult. This structure of principles and duties in the provision of remote healthcare allows to delimit the scope of leges artis for each specific scenario and, at the same time, to develop regulatory strategies considering criteria of necessity, rationality and sufficiency, according to the specific contents that characterize each scenario of remote healthcare.

          Translated abstract

          Resum El present article analitza la responsabilitat civil mèdica atribuïble als professionals de la salut que intervenen en el procés d'atenció a distància. Amb aquest objecte, es proposa un conjunt de principis dels quals es deriven deures de cura en la telemedicina exigibles als professionals de salut i als prestadors. A partir dels principis d'analogia amb i complementarietat de l'atenció presencial, es desenvolupen tres categories de principis especials per a l'atenció a distància: principis habilitants, principis operatius i principis de protecció al pacient. Sota aquest esquema de principis s'especifiquen deures de cura, distingint aquells que responen als riscos causats per la distància física d'aquells que sorgeixen dels canvis organitzacionals necessaris per a aquesta mena d'atenció. L'aplicació d'aquests deures s'analitza en tres escenaris de telemedicina: la teleconsulta, la teleinterconsulta i la teleconsultoría. Aquesta estructura de principis i deures en la prestació de salut a distància permet delimitar els abastos de la lex artis per a cada escenari específic i, al mateix temps, elaborar estratègies reguladores considerant criteris de necessitat, racionalitat i suficiència, segons els continguts específics que caracteritzen cada escenari d'atenció de salut a distància.

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          Ethical practice in Telehealth and Telemedicine

          This article summarizes the report of the American Medical Association's (AMA) Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs (CEJA) on ethical practice in telehealth and telemedicine. Through its reports and recommendations, CEJA is responsible for maintaining and updating the AMA Code of Medical Ethics (Code). CEJA reports are developed through an iterative process of deliberation with input from multiple stakeholders; report recommendations, once adopted by the AMA House of Delegates, become ethics policy of the AMA and are issued as Opinions in the Code. To provide enduring guidance for the medical profession as a whole, CEJA strives to articulate expectations for conduct that are as independent of specific technologies or models of practice as possible. The present report, developed at the request of the House of Delegates, provides broad guidance for ethical conduct relating to key issues in telehealth/telemedicine. The report and recommendations were debated at meetings of the House in June and November 2015; recommendations were adopted in June 2016 and published as Opinion E-1.2.12, Ethical Practice in Telemedicine, in November 2016. A summary of the key points of the recommendations can be found in Appendix A (online), and the full text of the opinion can be found in Appendix B (online).
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            Ethical and Legal Challenges of Telemedicine in the Era of the COVID-19 Pandemic

            Background and objective: Telemedicine or telehealth services has been increasingly practiced in the recent years. During the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine turned into and indispensable service in order to avoid contagion between healthcare professionals and patients, involving a growing number of medical disciplines. Nevertheless, at present, several ethical and legal issues related to the practice of these services still remain unsolved and need adequate regulation. This narrative review will give a synthesis of the main ethical and legal issues of telemedicine practice during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: A literature search was performed on PubMed using MeSH terms: Telemedicine (which includes Mobile Health or Health, Mobile, mHealth, Telehealth, and eHealth), Ethics, Legislation/Jurisprudence, and COVID-19. These terms were combined into a search string to better identify relevant articles published in the English language from March 2019 to September 2021. Results: Overall, 24 out of the initial 85 articles were considered eligible for this review. Legal and ethical issues concerned important aspects such as: informed consent (information about the risks and benefits of remote therapy) and autonomy (87%), patient privacy (78%) and confidentiality (57%), data protection and security (74%), malpractice and professional liability/integrity (70%), equity of access (30%), quality of care (30%), the professional–patient relationship (22%), and the principle of beneficence or being disposed to act for the benefit of others (13%). Conclusions: The ethical and legal issues related to the practice of telehealth or telemedicine services still need standard and specific rules of application in order to guarantee equitable access, quality of care, sustainable costs, professional liability, respect of patient privacy, data protection, and confidentiality. At present, telemedicine services could be only used as complementary or supplementary tools to the traditional healthcare services. Some indications for medical providers are suggested.
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              Telemedicine: The legal framework (or the lack of it) in Europe

              In the framework of European law telemedicine is, simultaneously, a health service and an information service, therefore, both regulations apply. In what concerns healthcare and the practice of medicine there are no uniform regulations at the European level. Concerning health services the most relevant achievement to regulate this domain is Directive 2011/24/EU. In what regards information and telecommunications we must have in consideration Directive 95/46/EU, Directive 2000/31/EC and Directive 2002/58/EC. However, many issues still lack uniform regulation, mainly the domain of medical liability and of medical leges artis. Probably such standardization will never take place, since the European Union does not have, until now, a common set of norms regarding tort and criminal liability, much less specific legal norms on medical liability. These gaps may jeopardize a truly European internal market in health services and hamper the development of telemedicine in the European zone.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bioetica
                Revista de Bioética y Derecho
                Rev. Bioética y Derecho
                Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1886-5887
                2023
                : 57
                : 33-51
                Affiliations
                [2] Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad del Desarrollo orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                [1] Santiago de Chile orgnameUniversidad del Desarrollo orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina Chile
                Article
                S1886-58872023000100004 S1886-5887(23)00005700004
                10.1344/rbd2023.57.41222
                b5ea83f9-014f-4af4-ae5b-59569abd7684

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 January 2023
                : 30 November 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 20, Pages: 19
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Dosier de Telemedicina

                principios,deberes de cuidado,lex artis,telemedicina,responsabilidad civil médica,principis,deures de cura,responsabilitat civil mèdica,principles,care duties,leges artis,telemedicine,medical liability

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