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      Role of Phytoremediation in Reducing Cadmium Toxicity in Soil and Water

      review-article
      ,
      Journal of Toxicology
      Hindawi

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          Abstract

          Heavy metals are a noxious form of pollutants present in soil and water. A new plant-based solar energy driven technology, phytoremediation, emerges as eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to remove heavy metal from various media with the help of hyperaccumulating plant species. This review paper aims to provide information on phytoremediation and its mechanisms for heavy metal removal especially to focus on Cadmium (Cd) metal and highlights the role of various hyperaccumulating plants for Cd metal remediation in soil and water. It complies various field case studies which play the important role in understanding the Cd removal through various plants. Additionally, it pinpoints several sources and the effects of Cd and other technologies used for Cd remediation. This paper provides the recent development in mechanisms of Cd hyperaccumulation by different plants, in order to motivate further research in this field.

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          Most cited references149

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          Low-cost adsorbents for heavy metals uptake from contaminated water: a review.

          In this article, the technical feasibility of various low-cost adsorbents for heavy metal removal from contaminated water has been reviewed. Instead of using commercial activated carbon, researchers have worked on inexpensive materials, such as chitosan, zeolites, and other adsorbents, which have high adsorption capacity and are locally available. The results of their removal performance are compared to that of activated carbon and are presented in this study. It is evident from our literature survey of about 100 papers that low-cost adsorbents have demonstrated outstanding removal capabilities for certain metal ions as compared to activated carbon. Adsorbents that stand out for high adsorption capacities are chitosan (815, 273, 250 mg/g of Hg(2+), Cr(6+), and Cd(2+), respectively), zeolites (175 and 137 mg/g of Pb(2+) and Cd(2+), respectively), waste slurry (1030, 560, 540 mg/g of Pb(2+), Hg(2+), and Cr(6+), respectively), and lignin (1865 mg/g of Pb(2+)). These adsorbents are suitable for inorganic effluent treatment containing the metal ions mentioned previously. It is important to note that the adsorption capacities of the adsorbents presented in this paper vary, depending on the characteristics of the individual adsorbent, the extent of chemical modifications, and the concentration of adsorbate.
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            Phytochelatins and metallothioneins: roles in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis.

            Among the heavy metal-binding ligands in plant cells the phytochelatins (PCs) and metallothioneins (MTs) are the best characterized. PCs and MTs are different classes of cysteine-rich, heavy metal-binding protein molecules. PCs are enzymatically synthesized peptides, whereas MTs are gene-encoded polypeptides. Recently, genes encoding the enzyme PC synthase have been identified in plants and other species while the completion of the Arabidopsis genome sequence has allowed the identification of the entire suite of MT genes in a higher plant. Recent advances in understanding the regulation of PC biosynthesis and MT gene expression and the possible roles of PCs and MTs in heavy metal detoxification and homeostasis are reviewed.
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              A review of potentially low-cost sorbents for heavy metals

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Toxicol
                J Toxicol
                JT
                Journal of Toxicology
                Hindawi
                1687-8191
                1687-8205
                2018
                23 October 2018
                : 2018
                : 4864365
                Affiliations
                Department of Applied Sciences, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: You-Cheng Hseu

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0241-5627
                Article
                10.1155/2018/4864365
                6218723
                b63101ff-b9ee-4f11-bf80-af87fdfd8a57
                Copyright © 2018 Pooja Mahajan and Jyotsna Kaushal.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 30 May 2018
                : 24 September 2018
                Categories
                Review Article

                Toxicology
                Toxicology

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