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      Cribado neonatal del hipotiroidismo congénito Translated title: Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Fundamentos: Las hormonas tiroideas son fundamentales para un desarrollo cerebral normal, siendo el hipotiroidismo congénito (HC) la causa más frecuente de retraso mental que se puede prevenir. La detección precoz del HC es de interés primordial en Salud Pública y Medicina Preventiva y está incluida en los programas de cribado neonatal. En los recién nacidos detectados y que inician tratamiento en los primeros días de vida se consigue reducir la morbilidad, mortalidad y las posibles discapacidades asociadas a la enfermedad. El objetivo de la revisión fue poner de manifiesto la relevancia que tienen los programas de detección del HC, conocer la situación actual a nivel nacional y mundial y los desafíos y perspectivas de futuro. Métodos: La revisión se ha basado en la selección de estudios y revisiones de la enfermedad y de estudios publicados de diferentes programas de cribado para la detección del HC. Como fuentes de información se han utilizado bases de referencias bibliográficas, guías y/o protocolos de sociedades científicas, documentos de agencias tecnológicas evaluadoras y documentos de organismos oficiales. Resultados: En todas las referencias consultadas se ha podido constatar en función de los casos detectados, valor predictivo positivo y prevalencias que la detección precoz del HC ha resultado de una gran eficiencia para el diagnóstico de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: El cribado neonatal del HC primario es un ejemplo de éxito en salud pública. Son necesarias líneas de investigación para aclarar si otras formas moderadas del HC se benefician de su detección y tratamiento precoz.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Background: Thyroid hormones are essential for normal brain development, with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) being the most frequent cause of mental retardation that can be prevented. The early detection of CH is of primary interest in Public Health and Preventive Medicine and is included in neonatal screening programs. In newborns detected and starting treatment in the first days of life, morbidity, mortality and possible disabilities associated with the disease are reduced. The objective of the review was to highlight the relevance of HC detection programs, to know the current situation at the national and global level and the challenges and future prospects. Methods: The review was based on the selection of studies and reviews of the disease and published studies of different screening programs for the detection of CH. As sources of information, bibliographic reference bases, guides and / or protocols of scientific societies, documents of technological evaluation agencies and documents of official organizations have been used. Results: In all the references consulted, it has been possible to verify based on the cases detected, positive predictive value and prevalences that the early detection of CH has been highly efficient for the diagnosis of the disease. Conclusions: Neonatal screening for primary CH is an example of success in public health. Lines of research are needed to clarify whether other moderate forms of CH benefit from early detection and treatment.

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          Most cited references29

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          European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology Consensus Guidelines on Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Congenital Hypothyroidism

          Objective: The aim was to formulate practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of congenital hypothyroidism (CH). Evidence: A systematic literature search was conducted to identify key articles relating to the screening, diagnosis, and management of CH. The evidence-based guidelines were developed with the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system, describing both the strength of recommendations and the quality of evidence. In the absence of sufficient evidence, conclusions were based on expert opinion. Consensus Process: Thirty-two participants drawn from the European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology and five other major scientific societies in the field of pediatric endocrinology were allocated to working groups with assigned topics and specific questions. Each group searched the literature, evaluated the evidence, and developed a draft document. These papers were debated and finalized by each group before presentation to the full assembly for further discussion and agreement. Recommendations: The recommendations include: worldwide neonatal screening, approaches to assess the cause (including genotyping) and the severity of the disorder, the immediate initiation of appropriate L-T4 supplementation and frequent monitoring to ensure dose adjustments to keep thyroid hormone levels in the target ranges, a trial of treatment in patients suspected of transient CH, regular assessments of developmental and neurosensory functions, consulting health professionals as appropriate, and education about CH. The harmonization of diagnosis, management, and routine health surveillance would not only optimize patient outcomes, but should also facilitate epidemiological studies of the disorder. Individuals with CH require monitoring throughout their lives, particularly during early childhood and pregnancy.
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            Congenital hypothyroidism

            Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) occurs in approximately 1:2,000 to 1:4,000 newborns. The clinical manifestations are often subtle or not present at birth. This likely is due to trans-placental passage of some maternal thyroid hormone, while many infants have some thyroid production of their own. Common symptoms include decreased activity and increased sleep, feeding difficulty, constipation, and prolonged jaundice. On examination, common signs include myxedematous facies, large fontanels, macroglossia, a distended abdomen with umbilical hernia, and hypotonia. CH is classified into permanent and transient forms, which in turn can be divided into primary, secondary, or peripheral etiologies. Thyroid dysgenesis accounts for 85% of permanent, primary CH, while inborn errors of thyroid hormone biosynthesis (dyshormonogeneses) account for 10-15% of cases. Secondary or central CH may occur with isolated TSH deficiency, but more commonly it is associated with congenital hypopitiutarism. Transient CH most commonly occurs in preterm infants born in areas of endemic iodine deficiency. In countries with newborn screening programs in place, infants with CH are diagnosed after detection by screening tests. The diagnosis should be confirmed by finding an elevated serum TSH and low T4 or free T4 level. Other diagnostic tests, such as thyroid radionuclide uptake and scan, thyroid sonography, or serum thyroglobulin determination may help pinpoint the underlying etiology, although treatment may be started without these tests. Levothyroxine is the treatment of choice; the recommended starting dose is 10 to 15 mcg/kg/day. The immediate goals of treatment are to rapidly raise the serum T4 above 130 nmol/L (10 ug/dL) and normalize serum TSH levels. Frequent laboratory monitoring in infancy is essential to ensure optimal neurocognitive outcome. Serum TSH and free T4 should be measured every 1-2 months in the first 6 months of life and every 3-4 months thereafter. In general, the prognosis of infants detected by screening and started on treatment early is excellent, with IQs similar to sibling or classmate controls. Studies show that a lower neurocognitive outcome may occur in those infants started at a later age (> 30 days of age), on lower l-thyroxine doses than currently recommended, and in those infants with more severe hypothyroidism.
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              DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Congenital hypothyroidism: update and perspectives

              Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) may be primary, due to a defect affecting the thyroid gland itself, or central, due to impaired thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)-mediated stimulation of the thyroid gland as a result of hypothalamic or pituitary pathology. Primary CH is the most common neonatal endocrine disorder, traditionally subdivided into thyroid dysgenesis (TD), referring to a spectrum of thyroid developmental abnormalities, and dyshormonogenesis, where a defective molecular pathway for thyroid hormonogenesis results in failure of hormone production by a structurally intact gland. Delayed treatment of neonatal hypothyroidism may result in profound neurodevelopmental delay; therefore, CH is screened for in developed countries to facilitate prompt diagnosis. Central congenital hypothyroidism (CCH) is a rarer entity which may occur in isolation, or (more frequently) in association with additional pituitary hormone deficits. CCH is most commonly defined biochemically by failure of appropriate TSH elevation despite subnormal thyroid hormone levels and will therefore evade diagnosis in primary, TSH-based CH-screening programmes. This review will discuss recent genetic aetiological advances in CH and summarize epidemiological data and clinical diagnostic challenges, focussing on primary CH and isolated CCH.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                2021
                : 95
                : e202101010
                Affiliations
                [3] Oporto orgnameInstituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge de Oporto orgdiv1Human Genetics Department orgdiv2Newborn Screening, Metabolism and Genetics Unit Portugal
                [4] orgnameSociedad Española de Medicina del Laboratorio orgdiv1Comisión de Diagnóstico Perinatal España
                [2] Santiago de Compostela A Coruña orgnameHospital Clínico Universitario de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Laboratorio de Metabolopatías España
                [1] Barcelona orgnameHospital Clínic de Barcelona orgdiv1Servicio de Bioquímica y Genética Molecular orgdiv2Laboratorio de Cribado Neonatal. Sección de Errores Congénitos del Metabolismo Spain
                Article
                S1135-57272021000100600 S1135-5727(21)09500000600
                b65306ac-d52d-4975-952b-c630a0634a07

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 28 September 2020
                : 20 October 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 0
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                Thyroid hormones,Morbidity,Congenital hypothyroidism,Neonatal screening,Strategies for determining congenital hypothyroidism,Bibliographic databases,Hormonas tiroideas,Morbilidad,Hipotiroidismo congénito,Cribado neonatal,Estrategias de determinación de hipotiroidismo congénito,Bases de datos bibliográficos

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