Stress among sports coaches: a systematic review Translated title: El estrés entre los entrenadores deportivos: una revisión sistemática Translated title: Estresse em treinadores esportivos: uma revisão sistemática

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Abstract

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to conduct a systematic review of stress among coaches. Papers published from 1994 to 2016 were selected from seven electronic databases, and the following keywords in English, Spanish and Portuguese were used in the search: stress, estrés, estresse, coach(es), entrenador(es), and treinador(es). Thirty studies were included in this systematic review and selected according to their methodological quality; qualitative studies for stress assessment among sports coaches were predominant. The coaches were affected by organisational stressors such as social isolation, poor training facilities, the need to manage conflict, and interference of the athletes' relatives during training sessions and competitions. The coaches were also affected by performance stressors such as concern about their own and the athletes' performance, pressure from the media and managers to achieve results and concerns related to athletes' injuries. Thus, the results show that the stressors affecting sports coaches are multifactorial and are related to the coaches' level of competition. Future studies should analyse the practice time of coaches, which is a variable that can interfere with stress levels.

Translated abstract

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente estudio fue realizar una revisión sistemática acerca del estrés entre entrenadores deportivos. Fueron seleccionados artículos publicados de 1994 a 2016 de siete bases de datos eletrónicas. Las siguientes palabras clave/términos, en inglés, español y portugués, fueron utilizadas en la búsqueda: "estresse", "stress", "estresse", "coach(es), entrenador(es), treinador(es)". La búsqueda de los artículos en todos los bancos de datos fue realizada por dos investigadores independientes. 30 (treinta) estudios fueron incluidos en esta revisión sistemática y seleccionados de acuerdo con su calidad metodológica que muestra un predominio de estudios cualitativos para la evaluación del estrés entre los entrenadores deportivos. Los entrenadores fueron afectados por factores de estrés organizacionales, tales como aislamiento social, medios de formación pobre, la necesidad de gerenciar el conflicto y la interferencia de los parientes de los atletas durante entrenamientos y competiciones y factores de estrés organizacionales de desempeño, o sea, preocupación con el rendimiento y el desempeño de los atletas, presión de los medios de comunicación y de los gestores para obtener resultados y preocupación con lesiones de los atletas. De esa manera, los resultados muestran que los factores de estrés que afectan los entrenadores deportivos son multifactoriales y están relacionadas con el nivel de competición de eses profesionales. Los estudios futuros deben analizar el tiempo de práctica de los entrenadores porque es una variable que puede interferir con los niveles de estrés.

Translated abstract

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática sobre o estresse entre treinadores esportivos. Os artigos publicados de 1994 a 2016 foram selecionados de sete bases de dados eletrônicas. As seguintes palavras-chave / termos em Inglês, Espanhol e Português, foram utilizados na pesquisa: "estresse", "stress", "estrés", "coach (s), treinador (s), Treinador (s)". A busca dos artigos em todos os bancos de dados foi realizada por dois pesquisadores independentes. 30 (trinta) estudos foram incluídos nesta revisão sistemática e selecionados de acordo com sua qualidade metodológica, o que mostra uma predominância de estudos qualitativos para a avaliação do estresse entre treinadores esportivos. Os Treinadores foram influenciadas por factores de estresse organizacional, como o isolamento social, pobres condições de trabalho, a necessidade de gerenciar conflitos e a interferência dos familiares dos atletas durante o treinamento. Os treinadores também foram afetados por fatores relacionados ao estresse de desempenho, isto é, a preocupação com o desempenho próprio e o desempenho dos atletas, a pressão da mídia e dos gestores para obtenção de resultados e a preocupação com lesões dos atletas. Dessa forma, os resultados mostram que os fatores de estresse que afetam os treinadores esportivos são multifatoriais e estão relacionados ao nível de competição desses profissionais. Estudos futuros devem analisar o tempo de prática dos treinadores, pois é uma variável que pode interferir nos níveis de estresse.

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Stress, Appraisal, and Coping

PhD Richard S. Lazarus, PhD Susan Folkman (1984)

The reissue of a classic work, now with a foreword by Daniel Goleman!Here is a monumental work that continues in the tradition pioneered by co-author Richard Lazarus in his classic book Psychological Stress and the Coping Process. Dr. Lazarus and his collaborator, Dr. Susan Folkman, present here a detailed theory of psychological stress, building on the concepts of cognitive appraisal and coping which have become major themes of theory and investigation. As an integrative theoretical analysis, this volume pulls together two decades of research and thought on issues in behavioral medicine, emotion, stress management, treatment, and life span development. A selective review of the most pertinent literature is included in each chapter. The total reference listing for the book extends to 60 pages. This work is necessarily multidisciplinary, reflecting the many dimensions of stress-related problems and their situation within a complex social context. While the emphasis is on psychological aspects of stress, the book is oriented towards professionals in various disciplines, as well as advanced students and educated laypersons. The intended audience ranges from psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, nurses, and social workers to sociologists, anthropologists, medical researchers, and physiologists.

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Incidence of sudden cardiac death in National Collegiate Athletic Association athletes.

David Klossner, Steven K. Harmon, Jonathan A. Drezner … (2011)

The true incidence of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in US athletes is unknown. Current estimates are based largely on case identification through public media reports and estimated participation rates. The purpose of this study was to more precisely estimate the incidence of SCD in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) student-athletes and assess the accuracy of traditional methods for collecting data on SCD. From January 2004 through December 2008, all cases of sudden death in NCAA student-athletes were identified by use of an NCAA database, weekly systematic search of public media reports, and catastrophic insurance claims. During the 5-year period, there were 273 deaths and a total of 1 969 663 athlete participant-years. Of these 273 deaths, 187 (68%) were due to nonmedical or traumatic causes, 80 (29%) to medical causes, and 6 (2%) to unknown causes. Cardiovascular-related sudden death was the leading cause of death in 45 (56%) of 80 medical cases, and represented 75% of sudden deaths during exertion. The incidence of SCD was 1:43 770 participants per year. Among NCAA Division I male basketball players, the rate of SCD was 1:3100 per year. Thirty-nine (87%) of the 45 cardiac cases were identified in the NCAA database, only 25 (56%) by use of public media reports, and 9 (20%) from catastrophic claims data. SCD is the leading medical cause of death and death during exercise in NCAA student-athletes. Current methods of data collection underestimate the risk of SCD. Accurate assessment of SCD incidence is necessary to shape appropriate health policy decisions and develop effective strategies for prevention.