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      How readable are Australian paediatric oral health education materials?

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          Abstract

          Background

          The objective of this study was to analyse the readability of paediatric oral health education leaflets available in Australia.

          Methods

          Forty paediatric oral health education materials were analysed for general readability according to the following parameters: Thoroughness; Textual framework; Terminology; and Readability (Flesch-Kincaid grade level (FKGL), Gunning Fog index (Fog) and Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG)).

          Results

          Leaflets produced by the industry were among the hardest to read with an average readability at the 8th grade (8.4 ± 0.1). The readability of leaflets produced by the commercial sector was at the 7th grade (7.1 ± 1.7) and the government at the 6th grade (6.3 ± 1.9). The FKGL consistently yielded readabilities 2 grades below the Fog and SMOG indexes. In the content analyses, 14 essential paediatric oral health topics were noted and Early Childhood Caries (ECC) was identified as the most commonly used jargon term.

          Conclusion

          Paediatric oral health education materials are readily available, yet their quality and readability vary widely and may be difficult to read for disadvantaged populations in Australia. A redesign of these leaflets while taking literacy into consideration is suggested.

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          Most cited references24

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          Surveillance for dental caries, dental sealants, tooth retention, edentulism, and enamel fluorosis--United States, 1988-1994 and 1999-2002.

          Albert Kingman, , R Nowjack-Raymer … (2005)
          Dental caries is a common chronic disease that causes pain and disability across all age groups. If left untreated, dental caries can lead to pain and infection, tooth loss, and edentulism (total tooth loss). Dental sealants are effective in preventing dental caries in the occlusal (chewing) and other pitted and fissured surfaces of the teeth. Enamel fluorosis is a hypomineralization of enamel related to fluoride exposure during tooth formation (first 6 years for most permanent teeth). Exposure to fluoride throughout life is effective in preventing dental caries. This is the first CDC Surveillance Summary that addresses these conditions and practices. 1988-1994 and 1999-2002. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is an ongoing survey of representative samples of the civilian, noninstitutionalized U.S. population aged >/=2 months in NHANES 1988-1994 and all ages during 1999-2002. The dental component gathered information on persons aged >/=2 years. During 1999-2002, among children aged 2-11 years, 41% had dental caries in their primary teeth. Forty-two percent of children and adolescents aged 6-19 years and approximately 90% of adults had dental caries in their permanent teeth. Among children aged 6-19 years, 32% had received dental sealants. Adults aged >/=20 years retained a mean of 24 of 28 natural teeth and 8% were edentulous. Among persons aged 6-39 years, 23% had very mild or greater enamel fluorosis. Disparities were noticed across all age groups, among racial/ethnic groups, persons with lower education and income, and by smoking status. From 1988-1994 to 1999-2002, four trends were observed: 1) no change in the prevalence of dental caries in primary teeth among children aged 2-11 years, 2) a reduction in prevalence of caries in permanent teeth of up to 10 percentage points among persons aged 6-19 years and up to six percentage points among dentate adults aged >/=20 years, 3) an increase of 13 percentage points in dental sealants among persons aged 6-19 years, and 4) a six percentage point reduction in total tooth loss (edentulism) among persons aged >/=60 years. The findings of this report indicate that the dental caries status of permanent teeth has improved since the 1988-1994 survey. Despite the decrease in caries prevalence and severity in the permanent dentition and the increase in the proportion of children and adolescents who benefit from dental sealants, disparities remain. These data provide information for public health professionals in designing interventions to improve oral health and to reduce disparities in oral health, for researchers in assessing factors associated with disparities and dental caries in primary teeth, and in designing timely surveillance tools to monitor total fluoride exposure.
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            The use of readability formulas in health care

            Jakob P. Ley, T Florio (1996)
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              Early childhood feeding practices and dental caries in preschool children: a multi-centre birth cohort study

              Amit Arora, Jane A. Scott, Sameer Bhole … (2011)
              Background Dental caries (decay) is an international public health challenge, especially amongst young children. Early Childhood Caries is a rapidly progressing disease leading to severe pain, anxiety, sepsis and sleep loss, and is a major health problem particularly for disadvantaged populations. There is currently a lack of research exploring the interactions between risk and protective factors in the development of early childhood caries, in particular the effects of infant feeding practises. Methods/Design This is an observational cohort study and involves the recruitment of a birth cohort from disadvantaged communities in South Western Sydney. Mothers will be invited to join the study soon after the birth of their child at the time of the first home visit by Child and Family Health Nurses. Data on feeding practices and dental health behaviours will be gathered utilizing a telephone interview at 4, 8 and 12 months, and thereafter at 6 monthly intervals until the child is aged 5 years. Information collected will include a) initiation and duration of breastfeeding, b) introduction of solid food, c) intake of cariogenic and non-cariogenic foods, d) fluoride exposure, and e) oral hygiene practices. Children will have a dental and anthropometric examination at 2 and 5 years of age and the main outcome measures will be oral health quality of life, caries prevalence and caries incidence. Discussion This study will provide evidence of the association of early childhood feeding practices and the oral health of preschool children. In addition, information will be collected on breastfeeding practices and the oral health concerns of mothers living in disadvantaged areas in South Western Sydney.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Amit Arora
                Andy SF Lam
                Zahra Karami
                Loc Giang Do
                Mark Fort Harris
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): BMC Oral Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): BMC Oral Health
                Title: BMC Oral Health
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1472-6831
                Publication date Collection: 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 September 2014
                Volume: 14
                Page: 111
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Centre for Primary Health Care and Equity, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Room 345, Level 3, AGSM Building, Gate 11, Botany Street, Randwick NSW 2052, Australia
                [2 ]Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
                [3 ]Sydney and Sydney South West Local Health District, Sydney, NSW, Australia
                [4 ]Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1472-6831-14-111
                DOI: 10.1186/1472-6831-14-111
                PMC ID: 4236645
                PubMed ID: 25183234
                SO-VID: b6643ae5-f491-4730-ae80-05e55639810d
                Copyright statement: Copyright © 2014 Arora et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                Product
                Self URI: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6831/14/111
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: dental caries,oral health,health literacy,health communication,leaflets
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry
                Keywords: dental caries, oral health, health literacy, health communication, leaflets

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