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      Hemodynamic changes during exodontia in hypertensive and normotensive patients following injection of local anesthetics with and without epinephrine: a prospective comparative study Translated title: Cambios hemodinámicos durante la extracción en pacientes hipertensivos y normotensivos tras la inyección de anestésicos locales con y sin epinefrina: un estudio comparativo prospectivo

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          Abstract

          ABSTRACT Introduction: Hypertensive patients are frequently encountered in routine dental practice and exodontia procedures. Possibility of cardiovascular complications can be anticipated in these patients. This study compares blood pressure, heart rate, and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation, in normotensive and hypertensive patients prior to, during and after dental extractions. Patients and methods: A prospective comparative study was carried out in 100 (N = 100) patients between the age group of 40-70 years. 50 patients diagnosed with Stage I hypertension and 50 patients who were normotensives, requiring extraction of tooth were recruited. They were further divided into four groups namely, A, B, C and D, each consisting of 25 (n = 25). Group A included patients with controlled hypertension who were administered local anesthesia with epinephrine, while Group B had patients with controlled hypertension who were administered local anesthesia without epinephrine. Group C had normotensive patients who were administered local anesthesia with epinephrine and normotensive patients who were administered local anesthesia without epinephrine were under group D. The patients were evaluated at preoperative, intra operatively and post-operative interval for blood pressure, heart rate and peripheral oxygen saturation. Results: The sample consisted of 42 males and 58 females with a mean age of 42.6, 49.9, 40.6 and 31.6 years in group A, B, C and D respectively. Both systolic and diastolic blood pressure was increased after administration of anesthetic in all four group and decreased lower than baseline level after the surgical procedure. Heart rate was also found to be increased in all groups. A significant difference in peripheral oxygen saturation levels between group A and group B was observed post operatively. Conclusion: The use of epinephrine in local anesthetics have no significant role in altering the blood pressure and heart rate of hypertensive as well as normotensive patients.

          Translated abstract

          RESUMEN Introducción: Con frecuencia, en la práctica dental habitual y en los procedimientos de exodoncia se encuentran pacientes hipertensos. En estos pacientes se pueden anticipar posibles complicaciones cardiovasculares. Este estudio compara la presión arterial, la frecuencia cardiaca y la saturación de oxígeno periférico en pacientes normotensos e hipertensos antes, durante y después de las extracciones dentarias. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio comparativo prospectivo en 100 pacientes (n = 100) entre un grupo de edad de 40-70 años. Se reclutaron 50 pacientes con diagnóstico de hipertensión en estadio I y 50 pacientes normotensos que requirieron extracción dentaria. Se dividieron además en cuatro grupos, A, B, C y D, cada uno de los cuales constaba de 25 (n = 25). El grupo A incluyó pacientes con hipertensión controlada a los que se les administró anestesia local con epinefrina, mientras que el grupo B tenía pacientes con hipertensión controlada a los que se les administró anestesia local sin epinefrina. El grupo C tenía pacientes normotensos a los que se les administró anestesia local con epinefrina y los pacientes normotensos a los que se les administró anestesia local sin epinefrina estaban en el grupo D. En el intervalo preoperatorio, intraoperatorio y postoperatorio se evaluaron la presión arterial, frecuencia cardiaca y saturación de oxígeno periférico de los pacientes. Resultados: La muestra estuvo formada por 42 hombres y 58 mujeres con una edad media de 42,6, 49,9, 40,6 y 31,6 años en los grupos A, B, C y D, respectivamente. Tanto la presión arterial sistólica como la diastólica aumentó después de la administración de anestésico en los cuatro grupos y disminuyó por debajo del nivel inicial después del procedimiento quirúrgico. También se encontró que la frecuencia cardiaca aumentó en todos los grupos. Después de la operación, se observó una diferencia significativa en los niveles de saturación de oxígeno periférico entre el grupo A y el grupo B. Conclusión: El uso de adrenalina en anestésicos locales no tiene un papel significativo en la alteración de la presión arterial y la frecuencia cardiaca de pacientes hipertensos y normotensos.

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          Most cited references30

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          Hemodynamic changes during the surgical removal of lower third molars.

          This study was conducted to determine the hemodynamic changes in healthy patients during the surgical removal of lower third molars, and to evaluate whether these variations are attributable to patient anxiety and pain experienced during the surgical procedure. A prospective study was made of 80 normotensive individuals (40 females and 40 males, mean age, 27 years [range, 18 to 67 years]) seen in the Service of Oral Surgery in the context of the Master's Degree Program in Oral Surgery and Implantology, School of Dentistry, University of Barcelona, for surgical extraction of the lower third molars. Local anesthesia comprised 4% articaine with vasoconstrictor (adrenalin 1:100.000). The following parameters were monitored in each of the surgical interventions: systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (SaO(2)). Finally, tests of patient anxiety (Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale and Kleinknecht's Dental Fear Scale) were carried out, and the degree of pain experienced during the surgical procedure was assessed by means of a visual analog scale. The females showed higher levels of anxiety. The most anxious patients had the lowest BP values and the highest HR, although the differences did not reach statistical significance. The variations in BP and HR during surgical extraction of the molars were within normal limits. In the case of BP, no significant changes were recorded; the highest mean SBP and DBP values were observed at the time of ostectomy and/or tooth sectioning. The lowest HR values were recorded at baseline, before the start of the surgical procedure, whereas the highest values were obtained during incision and flap raising. The SaO(2) values showed no significant changes and were lower at the start of the surgical procedure. Most of the cardiovascular changes induced by the surgical extraction of molars were within normal ranges, considering the anxiety and stress induced by surgery. We consider it essential to avoid pain and minimize patient anxiety to ensure safe clinical practice.
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            Haemodynamic changes under emotional stress following a minor surgical procedure under local anaesthesia.

            F U Meyer (1987)
            The influence of 4 ml lidocaine 2% without vasoconstrictor, and with epinephrine 0.001%, or with norepinephrine 0.005% on the heart rate and blood pressure was investigated in one group of patients (n = 30) during a minor surgical procedure (tooth extraction) and in an age-matched group of volunteers (n = 30) with injection only and without any intervention. The difference between the 2 groups underlines the presence of emotional stress. Lidocaine without and with a vasoconstrictor changes the heart rate and blood pressure differently. These haemodynamic changes are superposed by alterations caused by emotional stress and are similar in all test series. The so-called epinephrine-collapse often seems to have its cause in an abrupt relative deficiency of epinephrine after stress. It is possible to significantly influence the cardiovascular system in connection with a local anaesthesia with the choice of vasoconstrictor.
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              Cardiovascular response to epinephrine-containing local anesthesia in patients with cardiovascular disease.

              The purpose of the present study was to examine the safety of epinephrine-containing local anesthesia for use on patients with cardiovascular disease. Twenty-seven patients with cardiovascular disease were studied. The cardiac functional capacity of 9 patients was New York Heart Association class I; 11, class II; and 7, class III. Hemodynamic responses to intraoral injection of 1.8 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine were measured with impedance cardiography. Systolic blood pressure and heart rate increased by 4.1% and 5.1%, respectively, immediately after the lidocaine-epinephrine injection. Consequently, rate pressure product increased by 10.0%. Cardiac index increased by 14.2%, and total peripheral resistance decreased by approximately 10%. No patient complained of cardiac symptoms. There were no significant differences in hemodynamic responses related to the extent of the cardiac functional capacity. We concluded that lidocaine-epinephrine was safe and had few, if any, hemodynamic consequences in patients with cardiovascular disease.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                maxi
                Revista Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial
                Rev Esp Cirug Oral y Maxilofac
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Oral y Maxilofacial y de Cabeza y Cuello (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1130-0558
                2173-9161
                March 2022
                : 44
                : 1
                : 9-15
                Affiliations
                [4] orgnameNanded Rural Dental College & Research Center orgdiv1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery India
                [5] Basavanagudi, Banglore orgnameSri Shankara Cancer Hospital and Research Centre India
                [3] Sullia orgnameKVG Dental College and Hospital orgdiv1Department of Oral Surgery India
                [2] Kathua, Jammu orgnameGovernment Medical College orgdiv1Department of Dentistry India
                [1] Cochin orgnameLakeshore Hospital orgdiv1Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology India
                Article
                S1130-05582022000100009 S1130-0558(22)04400100009
                10.20986/recom.2022.1296/2021
                b667c49a-220f-40f0-b863-bc6787e3a4cc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 10 March 2022
                : 19 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Spain

                Categories
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                hypertension,extracción,adrenalina,hipertensión,Cambios hemodinámicos,extraction,epinephrine,Hemodynamic changes

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