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      The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Biological Activities of Metallic Nanoparticles

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          Abstract

          Nanoparticles (NPs) possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them appropriate for various applications. The structural alteration of metallic NPs leads to different biological functions, specifically resulting in different potentials for the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The amount of ROS produced by metallic NPs correlates with particle size, shape, surface area, and chemistry. ROS possess multiple functions in cellular biology, with ROS generation a key factor in metallic NP-induced toxicity, as well as modulation of cellular signaling involved in cell death, proliferation, and differentiation. In this review, we briefly explained NP classes and their biomedical applications and describe the sources and roles of ROS in NP-related biological functions in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we also described the roles of metal NP-induced ROS generation in stem cell biology. Although the roles of ROS in metallic NP-related biological functions requires further investigation, modulation and characterization of metallic NP-induced ROS production are promising in the application of metallic NPs in the areas of regenerative medicine and medical devices.

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          Review on Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Mechanism

          Amna Sirelkhatim, Shahrom Mahmud, Azman Seeni … (2015)
          Antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) has received significant interest worldwide particularly by the implementation of nanotechnology to synthesize particles in the nanometer region. Many microorganisms exist in the range from hundreds of nanometers to tens of micrometers. ZnO-NPs exhibit attractive antibacterial properties due to increased specific surface area as the reduced particle size leading to enhanced particle surface reactivity. ZnO is a bio-safe material that possesses photo-oxidizing and photocatalysis impacts on chemical and biological species. This review covered ZnO-NPs antibacterial activity including testing methods, impact of UV illumination, ZnO particle properties (size, concentration, morphology, and defects), particle surface modification, and minimum inhibitory concentration. Particular emphasize was given to bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms with focus on generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH− (hydroxyl radicals), and O2 −2 (peroxide). ROS has been a major factor for several mechanisms including cell wall damage due to ZnO-localized interaction, enhanced membrane permeability, internalization of NPs due to loss of proton motive force and uptake of toxic dissolved zinc ions. These have led to mitochondria weakness, intracellular outflow, and release in gene expression of oxidative stress which caused eventual cell growth inhibition and cell death. In some cases, enhanced antibacterial activity can be attributed to surface defects on ZnO abrasive surface texture. One functional application of the ZnO antibacterial bioactivity was discussed in food packaging industry where ZnO-NPs are used as an antibacterial agent toward foodborne diseases. Proper incorporation of ZnO-NPs into packaging materials can cause interaction with foodborne pathogens, thereby releasing NPs onto food surface where they come in contact with bad bacteria and cause the bacterial death and/or inhibition.
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            Comparison of the mechanism of toxicity of zinc oxide and cerium oxide nanoparticles based on dissolution and oxidative stress properties.

            Tian Xia, Michael Kovochich, Monty Liong … (2008)
            Nanomaterials (NM) exhibit novel physicochemical properties that determine their interaction with biological substrates and processes. Three metal oxide nanoparticles that are currently being produced in high tonnage, TiO(2), ZnO, and CeO(2), were synthesized by flame spray pyrolysis process and compared in a mechanistic study to elucidate the physicochemical characteristics that determine cellular uptake, subcellular localization, and toxic effects based on a test paradigm that was originally developed for oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 and BEAS-2B cell lines. ZnO induced toxicity in both cells, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidant injury, excitation of inflammation, and cell death. Using ICP-MS and fluorescent-labeled ZnO, it is found that ZnO dissolution could happen in culture medium and endosomes. Nondissolved ZnO nanoparticles enter caveolae in BEAS-2B but enter lysosomes in RAW 264.7 cells in which smaller particle remnants dissolve. In contrast, fluorescent-labeled CeO(2) nanoparticles were taken up intact into caveolin-1 and LAMP-1 positive endosomal compartments, respectively, in BEAS-2B and RAW 264.7 cells, without inflammation or cytotoxicity. Instead, CeO(2) suppressed ROS production and induced cellular resistance to an exogenous source of oxidative stress. Fluorescent-labeled TiO(2) was processed by the same uptake pathways as CeO(2) but did not elicit any adverse or protective effects. These results demonstrate that metal oxide nanoparticles induce a range of biological responses that vary from cytotoxic to cytoprotective and can only be properly understood by using a tiered test strategy such as we developed for oxidative stress and adapted to study other aspects of nanoparticle toxicity.
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              Reactive species and antioxidants. Redox biology is a fundamental theme of aerobic life.

              Barry Halliwell (2006)
              Article 0 comments Cited 519 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Bing Yan: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: January 2017
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 120
                Affiliations
                Department of Stem Cell & Regenerative Biotechnology, Incurable Disease Animal Model and Stem Cell Institute (IDASI), Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; ahmed_morsy86@ 123456yahoo.com (A.A.D.); kawsersau07@ 123456gmail.com (M.K.H.); soobineey@ 123456naver.com (S.B.L.); proproggs@ 123456naver.com (K.K.); subbroto@ 123456konkuk.ac.kr (S.K.S.); slayersgod@ 123456nate.com (G.-M.Y.); hyeon.choi24@ 123456gmail.com (H.Y.C.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: ssangoo@ 123456konkuk.ac.kr ; Tel.: +82-2-450-4207
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-18-00120
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms18010120
                PMC ID: 5297754
                PubMed ID: 28075405
                SO-VID: b68627cf-7035-4771-a25f-874efeb5cb0e
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 25 November 2016
                Date accepted : 04 January 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: nanoparticles (nps),reactive oxygen species (ros),stem cells,toxicity,cellular signaling,regenerative medicine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: nanoparticles (nps), reactive oxygen species (ros), stem cells, toxicity, cellular signaling, regenerative medicine

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