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      European Society of Clinical Pharmacy definition of the term clinical pharmacy and its relationship to pharmaceutical care: a position paper

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          Abstract

          Many definitions of the term clinical pharmacy exist, but a number of ambiguities remain. In order to clarify the European Society of Clinical Pharmacy (ESCP) position on what defines clinical pharmacy, a consultation exercise was conducted among ESCP members with the findings used as the basis for an updated definition. The updated definition clarifies that clinical pharmacy (1) represents both a professional practice and field of research, (2) aims to optimise the utilisation of medicines in order to achieve person-centered and public health goals, (3) as a practice encompasses cognitive, managerial and interpersonal activities targeting all stages of the medicines use process, and as a field of research generates knowledge that informs clinical decision-making, health care organisation or policy, (4) as a practice is restricted to pharmacists, (5) can be practiced regardless of setting, and (6) encompasses pharmaceutical care but is not restricted to it.

          Supplementary Information

          The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11096-022-01422-7.

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          Pharmaceutical care: the PCNE definition 2013.

          Samuel Allemann, J. W. Foppe van Mil, Lea Botermann … (2014)
          Twenty-three years after Hepler and Strand published their well-known definition of Pharmaceutical Care (PhC), confusion remains about what the term includes and how to differentiate it from other terms. The board of the Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) felt the need to redefine PhC and to answer the question: "What is Pharmaceutical Care in 2013". The aims of this paper were to review existing definitions of PhC and to describe the process of developing a redefined definition. A literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE database (1964-January 2013). Keywords included "Pharmaceutical Care", "Medication (Therapy) Management", "Medicine Management", and "Pharmacist Care" in the title or abstract together with the term "defin*". To ease comparison between definitions, we developed a standardised syntax to paraphrase the definitions. During a dedicated meeting, a moderated discussion about the definition of PhC was organised. The initial literature search produced 186 hits, with eight unique PhC definitions. Hand searching identified a further 11 unique definitions. These 19 definitions were paraphrased using the standardised syntax (provider, recipient, subject, outcome, activities). Fourteen members of PCNE and 10 additional experts attended the moderated discussion. Working groups of increasing size developed intermediate definitions, which had similarities and differences to those retrieved in the literature search. At the end of the session, participants reached a consensus on a "PCNE definition of Pharmaceutical Care" reading: "Pharmaceutical Care is the pharmacist's contribution to the care of individuals in order to optimize medicines use and improve health outcomes". It was possible to paraphrase definitions of PhC using a standardised syntax focusing on the provider, recipient, subject, outcomes, and activities included in PhC practice. During a one-day workshop, experts in PhC research agreed on a definition, intended to be applicable for the present time, representative for various work settings, and valid for countries inside and outside of Europe.
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            Opportunities and responsibilities in pharmaceutical care.

            C D Hepler, L Strand (1990)
            Pharmacy's opportunity to mature as a profession by accepting its social responsibility to reduce preventable drug-related morbidity and mortality is explored. Pharmacy has shed the apothecary role but has not yet been restored to its erst-while importance in medical care. It is not enough to dispense the correct drug or to provide sophisticated pharmaceutical services; nor will it be sufficient to devise new technical functions. Pharmacists and their institutions must stop looking inward and start redirecting their energies to the greater social good. Some 12,000 deaths and 15,000 hospitalizations due to adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were reported to the FDA in 1987, and many went unreported. Drug-related morbidity and mortality are often preventable, and pharmaceutical services can reduce the number of ADRs, the length of hospital stays, and the cost of care. Pharmacists must abandon factionalism and adopt patient-centered pharmaceutical care as their philosophy of practice. Changing the focus of practice from products and biological systems to ensuring the best drug therapy and patient safety will raise pharmacy's level of responsibility and require philosophical, organizational, and functional changes. It will be necessary to set new practice standards, establish cooperative relationships with other health-care professions, and determine strategies for marketing pharmaceutical care. Pharmacy's reprofessionalization will be completed only when all pharmacists accept their social mandate to ensure the safe and effective drug therapy of the individual patient.
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              Defining pharmacy and its practice: a conceptual model for an international audience

              SL Scahill, M Atif, ZU Babar (2017)
              Background There is much fragmentation and little consensus in the use of descriptors for the different disciplines that make up the pharmacy sector. Globalization, reprofessionalization and the influx of other disciplines means there is a requirement for a greater degree of standardization. This has not been well addressed in the pharmacy practice research and education literature. Objectives To identify and define the various subdisciplines of the pharmacy sector and integrate them into an internationally relevant conceptual model based on narrative synthesis of the literature. Methods A literature review was undertaken to understand the fragmentation in dialogue surrounding definitions relating to concepts and practices in the context of the pharmacy sector. From a synthesis of this literature, the need for this model was justified. Key assumptions of the model were identified, and an organic process of development took place with the three authors engaging in a process of sense-making to theorize the model. Results The model is “fit for purpose” across multiple countries and includes two components making up the umbrella term “pharmaceutical practice”. The first component is the four conceptual dimensions, which outline the disciplines including social and administrative sciences, community pharmacy, clinical pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. The second component of the model describes the “acts of practice”: teaching, research and professional advocacy; service and academic enterprise. Conclusions This model aims to expose issues relating to defining pharmacy and its practice and to create dialogue. No model is perfect, but there are implications for what is posited in the areas of policy, education and practice and future research. The main point is the need for increased clarity, or at least beginning the discussion to increase the clarity of definition and consistency of meaning in-and-across the pharmacy sector locally, nationally and internationally.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Tobias Dreischulte: tobias.dreischulte@med.uni-muenchen.de
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Clin Pharm
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Clin Pharm
                Title: International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
                Publisher: Springer International Publishing (Cham )
                ISSN (Print): 2210-7703
                ISSN (Electronic): 2210-7711
                Publication date (Electronic): 6 June 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 6 June 2022
                Publication date (Print): 2022
                Volume: 44
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 837-842
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.411095.8, ISNI 0000 0004 0477 2585, Institute of General Medicine, , University Hospital of Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, ; Pettenkoferstrasse. 8a, 80336 Munich, Germany
                [2 ]GRID grid.452818.2, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9307, Department of Pharmacy, , Sint Maartenskliniek, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [3 ]GRID grid.10417.33, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9382, Department of Pharmacy, , Radboud University Medical Centre, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [4 ]GRID grid.8767.e, ISNI 0000 0001 2290 8069, Centre for Pharmaceutical Research, Research Group of Clinical Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, , Vrije Universiteit Brussel, ; Laarbeeklaan 103, 1090 Jette, Belgium
                [5 ]GRID grid.411326.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0626 3362, Department of Hospital Pharmacy, , UZ Brussel, ; Laarbeeklaan 101, 1090 Jette, Belgium
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4586-6919
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1422
                DOI: 10.1007/s11096-022-01422-7
                PMC ID: 9393137
                PubMed ID: 35668277
                SO-VID: b6927233-86ac-4a93-ad52-3995aa6ea9c8
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date received : 13 January 2022
                Date accepted : 24 April 2022
                Funding
                Funded by: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (1024)
                Open Access :

                Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL.

                Categories
                Subject: Commentary
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: clinical pharmacy,definition,european society of clinical pharmacy,pharmaceutical care
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: clinical pharmacy, definition, european society of clinical pharmacy, pharmaceutical care

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