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      Validity and reliability of the kiddie schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia present and lifetime version DSM-5 (K-SADS-PL-5) Spanish version

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          Abstract

          Background

          There are various language adaptations of the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School Age Children Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL). In order to comply with the changes in DSM classification, the Spanish edition of the interview was in need of update and evaluation.

          Methods

          K-SADS-PL was adapted to correspond to DSM-5 categories. All clinicians received training, and a 90% agreement was reached. Patients and their parents or guardians were interviewed and videotaped, and the videos were exchanged between raters. Factor analysis was performed and inter-rater reliability was calculated only in the case of diagnoses in which there were more than five patients.

          Results

          A total of 74 subjects were included. The Factor Analysis yielded six factors (Depressive, Stress Hyperarousal, Disruptive Behavioral, Irritable Explosive, Obsessive Repetitive and Encopresis), representing 72% of the variance. Kappa values for inter-rater agreement were larger than 0.7 for over half of the disorders.

          Conclusions

          The factor structure of diagnoses, made with the instrument was found to correspond to the DSM-5 disorder organization. The instrument showed good construct validity and inter-rater reliability, which makes it a useful tool for clinical research studies in children and adolescents.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12888-018-1773-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references38

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          Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts.

          Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is a prevalent behavioral problem, yet many fundamental aspects of NSSI remain unknown. This case series study reports on the diagnostic correlates of adolescents with a recent history of NSSI and examines the relation between NSSI and suicide attempts. Data are from clinical interviews with 89 adolescents admitted to an adolescent psychiatric inpatient unit who engaged in NSSI in the previous 12 months. Results revealed that 87.6% of adolescents engaging in NSSI met criteria for a DSM-IV Axis I diagnosis (M=3.0, S.D.=2.2, range=0 to 8 diagnoses), including externalizing (62.9%), internalizing (51.7%), and substance use (59.6%) disorders. Most adolescents assessed also met criteria for an Axis II personality disorder (67.3%). Overall, 70% of adolescents engaging in NSSI reported a lifetime suicide attempt and 55% reported multiple attempts. Characteristics of NSSI associated with making suicide attempts included a longer history of NSSI, use of a greater number of methods, and absence of physical pain during NSSI. These findings demonstrate the diagnostic heterogeneity of adolescents engaging in NSSI, highlight the significant overlap between NSSI and suicide attempts, and provide a point of departure for future research aimed at elucidating the relations between non-suicidal and suicidal self-injury.
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            The Status of Irritability in Psychiatry: A Conceptual and Quantitative Review

            Objective Research and clinical interest in irritability have been on the rise in recent years. Yet several questions remain about the status of irritability in psychiatry, including whether irritability can be differentiated from other symptoms, whether it forms a distinct disorder, and whether it is a meaningful predictor of clinical outcomes. In this article, we try to answer these questions by reviewing the evidence on how reliably irritability can be measured and its validity. Method We combine a narrative and systematic review and meta-analysis of studies. For the systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched studies in PubMed and Web of Science based on preselected criteria. A total of 163 articles were reviewed, and 24 were included. Results We found that irritability forms a distinct dimension with substantial stability across time, and that it is specifically associated with depression and anxiety in longitudinal studies. Evidence from genetic studies reveals that irritability is moderately heritable, and its overlap with depression is explained mainly by genetic factors. Behavioral and neuroimaging studies show that youth with persistent irritability exhibit altered activations in the amygdala, striatum, and frontal regions compared with age-matched healthy volunteers. Most knowledge about the treatment of irritability is based on effects of treatment on related conditions or post hoc analyses of trial data. Conclusion We identify a number of research priorities including innovative experimental designs and priorities for treatment studies, and conclude with recommendations for the assessment of irritability for researchers and clinicians.
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              Lifetime co-morbidity of DSM-IV disorders in the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A).

              Research on the structure of co-morbidity among common mental disorders has largely focused on current prevalence rather than on the development of co-morbidity. This report presents preliminary results of the latter type of analysis based on the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication Adolescent Supplement (NCS-A). A national survey was carried out of adolescent mental disorders. DSM-IV diagnoses were based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) administered to adolescents and questionnaires self-administered to parents. Factor analysis examined co-morbidity among 15 lifetime DSM-IV disorders. Discrete-time survival analysis was used to predict first onset of each disorder from information about prior history of the other 14 disorders. Factor analysis found four factors representing fear, distress, behavior and substance disorders. Associations of temporally primary disorders with the subsequent onset of other disorders, dated using retrospective age-of-onset (AOO) reports, were almost entirely positive. Within-class associations (e.g. distress disorders predicting subsequent onset of other distress disorders) were more consistently significant (63.2%) than between-class associations (33.0%). Strength of associations decreased as co-morbidity among disorders increased. The percentage of lifetime disorders explained (in a predictive rather than a causal sense) by temporally prior disorders was in the range 3.7-6.9% for earliest-onset disorders [specific phobia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)] and much higher (23.1-64.3%) for later-onset disorders. Fear disorders were the strongest predictors of most other subsequent disorders. Adolescent mental disorders are highly co-morbid. The strong associations of temporally primary fear disorders with many other later-onset disorders suggest that fear disorders might be promising targets for early interventions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                adolesc@imp.edu.mx
                lino_villavicencio@hotmail.com
                tdahcartagena@gmail.com
                doctorfernandofelix@gmail.com
                marlarra@gmail.com
                viollaura@gmail.com
                dra_silviaortiz@yahoo.com.mx
                rosetti_m@yahoo.com
                abadiandrea@gmail.com
                ceciliamontiel@gmail.com
                dr.crio@gmail.com
                sofiafviola@gmail.com
                aurorajaimes@gmail.com
                mferia35@gmail.com
                lizomo@yahoo.com.mx
                andres_rode@hotmail.com
                zavaletarp@gmail.com
                daniela_yp@hotmail.com
                frinnegalicia@yahoo.com.mx
                dboterof@gmail.com
                santiestradaj@gmail.com
                drberber01@yahoo.com.mx
                mpidavanzo@gmail.com
                consu.aldunate@gmail.com
                gabygomez_89@hotmail.com
                ivannahc@gmail.com
                ptripicchio@ineco.org.ar
                igath@ineco.org.ar
                manuel.hsalas@gmail.com
                palacioslino@gmail.com
                eulloa@hotmail.com
                Journal
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BMC Psychiatry
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-244X
                14 June 2018
                14 June 2018
                2018
                : 18
                : 193
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1776 9908, GRID grid.419154.c, Adolescents’ Clinic, , National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, ; Mexico City, Mexico
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8882 5269, GRID grid.412881.6, Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, , Antioquia University, ; Medellin, Colombia
                [3 ]Psychiatry Hospital Gustavo León Mojica, Aguascalientes, Mexico
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0385 4466, GRID grid.443909.3, Psychiatry Universitary Clinic, School of Medicine, , Autonomous University of Chile, ; Santiago de Chile, Chile
                [5 ]ISNI 0000000121657640, GRID grid.11630.35, Department of Pediatric Psychiatry, Childrens’ Hospital La Española, School of Medicine, , Uruguay University, ; Montevideo, Uruguay
                [6 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2159 0001, GRID grid.9486.3, National Autonomous University of Mexico, ; Mexico City, Mexico
                [7 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0608 3193, GRID grid.411168.b, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, INECO Fundation, , Favaloro University, ; Buenos Aires, Argentina
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2168 1114, GRID grid.411267.7, Zulia University, ; Maracaibo, Venezuela
                [9 ]GRID grid.441493.f, Center for Postgraduate Studies, , Latin University of Panama, ; Panama City, Panama
                [10 ]Childrens’ Psychiatry Hospital Juan N. Navarro, Mexico City, Mexico
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6205-9188
                Article
                1773
                10.1186/s12888-018-1773-0
                6001018
                29898698
                b6ab2664-22dc-4b64-9f31-aed0fb299887
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 23 October 2017
                : 5 June 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003141, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología;
                Award ID: 233828
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                k-sads-pl,validity,reliability,dsm-5
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                k-sads-pl, validity, reliability, dsm-5

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