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      Cadmium and Tin Magnetic Nanocatalysts Useful for Biodiesel Production

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          Abstract

          Magnetic mixed iron/cadmium (ICdO) and iron/tin (ISnO) oxide nanoparticles were used as catalysts in relevant reactions for biodiesel production technologies. These compounds were active for hydrolysis and transesterification of soybean oil as well as esterification of soybean oil fatty acids. In the esterification assisted by ISnO high yields, ca. 84%, were achieved, after 1 h reaction at 200 ºC. The oxide was magnetically recovered and reused four times without loss in its activity, while a loss of activity was observed for ICdO catalyst. ISnO also demonstrated catalytic activity for macauba oil, a highly acidic substrate.

          Translated abstract

          Nanopartículas magnéticas compostas por óxidos mistos de ferro/cádmio (ICdO) e ferro/ estanho (ISnO) foram usadas como catalisadores em reações relevantes para diferentes tecnologias de produção de biodiesel. Estes compostos foram ativos para hidrólise e transesterificação de óleo de soja, bem como para a esterificação de ácidos graxos obtidos a partir do óleo de soja. Na esterificação mediada por ISnO foram alcançados altos rendimentos, ca. 84%, após 1 h de reação a 200 ºC. O óxido foi recuperado magneticamente e reutilizado quatro vezes sem perda da sua atividade catalítica, enquanto que uma perda significativa foi observada quando ICdO foi usado. ISnO demonstrou também atividade para a produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de macaúba, um substrato altamente ácido.

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          From Mechanism to Mouse: A Tale of Two Bioorthogonal Reactions

          Bioorthogonal reactions are chemical reactions that neither interact with nor interfere with a biological system. The participating functional groups must be inert to biological moieties, must selectively reactive with each other under biocompatible conditions, and, for in vivo applications, must be nontoxic to cells and organisms. Additionally, it is helpful if one reactive group is small and therefore minimally perturbing of a biomolecule into which it has been introduced either chemically or biosynthetically. Examples from the past decade suggest that a promising strategy for bioorthogonal reaction development begins with an analysis of functional group and reactivity space outside those defined by Nature. Issues such as stability of reactants and products (particularly in water), kinetics, and unwanted side reactivity with biofunctionalities must be addressed, ideally guided by detailed mechanistic studies. Finally, the reaction must be tested in a variety of environments, escalating from aqueous media to biomolecule solutions to cultured cells and, for the most optimized transformations, to live organisms. Work in our laboratory led to the development of two bioorthogonal transformations that exploit the azide as a small, abiotic, and bioinert reaction partner: the Staudinger ligation and strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition. The Staudinger ligation is based on the classic Staudinger reduction of azides with triarylphosphines first reported in 1919. In the ligation reaction, the intermediate aza-ylide undergoes intramolecular reaction with an ester, forming an amide bond faster than aza-ylide hydrolysis would otherwise occur in water. The Staudinger ligation is highly selective and reliably forms its product in environs as demanding as live mice. However, the Staudinger ligation has some liabilities, such as the propensity of phosphine reagents to undergo air oxidation and the relatively slow kinetics of the reaction. The Staudinger ligation takes advantage of the electrophilicity of the azide; however, the azide can also participate in cycloaddition reactions. In 1961, Wittig and Krebs noted that the strained, cyclic alkyne cyclooctyne reacts violently when combined neat with phenyl azide, forming a triazole product by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. This observation stood in stark contrast to the slow kinetics associated with 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azides with unstrained, linear alkynes, the conventional Huisgen process. Notably, the reaction of azides with terminal alkynes can be accelerated dramatically by copper catalysis (this highly popular Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) is a quintessential “click” reaction). However, the copper catalysts are too cytotoxic for long-term exposure with live cells or organisms. Thus, for applications of bioorthogonal chemistry in living systems, we built upon Wittig and Krebs’ observation with the design of cyclooctyne reagents that react rapidly and selectively with biomolecule-associated azides. This strain-promoted azide–alkyne cycloaddition is often referred to as “Cu-free click chemistry”. Mechanistic and theoretical studies inspired the design of a series of cyclooctyne compounds bearing fluorine substituents, fused rings, and judiciously situated heteroatoms, with the goals of optimizing azide cycloaddition kinetics, stability, solubility, and pharmacokinetic properties. Cyclooctyne reagents have now been used for labeling azide-modified biomolecules on cultured cells and in live Caenorhabditis elegans, zebrafish, and mice. As this special issue testifies, the field of bioorthogonal chemistry is firmly established as a challenging frontier of reaction methodology and an important new instrument for biological discovery. The above reactions, as well as several newcomers with bioorthogonal attributes, have enabled the high-precision chemical modification of biomolecules in vitro, as well as real-time visualization of molecules and processes in cells and live organisms. The consequence is an impressive body of new knowledge and technology, amassed using a relatively small bioorthogonal reaction compendium. Expansion of this toolkit, an effort that is already well underway, is an important objective for chemists and biologists alike.
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            Theory of Supercoupling, Squeezing Wave Energy, and Field Confinement in Narrow Channels and Tight Bends Using Epsilon-Near-Zero Metamaterials

            In this work, we investigate the detailed theory of the supercoupling, anomalous tunneling effect, and field confinement originally identified in [M. Silveirinha, N. Engheta, Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 157403, (2006)], where we demonstrated the possibility of using materials with permittivity near zero to drastically improve the transmission of electromagnetic energy through a narrow irregular channel with very subwavelength transverse cross-section. Here, we present additional physical insights, describe new applications of the tunneling effect in relevant waveguide scenarios (e.g., the "perfect" or "super" waveguide coupling), study the effect of metal losses in the metallic walls, and the possibility of using epsilon-near zero materials to confine energy in a subwavelength cavity with gigantic field enhancement. In addition, we systematically study the propagation of electromagnetic waves through narrow channels filled with anisotropic epsilon-near zero materials. It is demonstrated that these materials may have interesting potentials, and that for some particular geometries the reflectivity of the channel is independent of the specific dimensions or parameters of epsilon-near zero transition. We also describe several realistic metamaterial implementations of the studied problems, based on standard metallic waveguides, microstrip line configurations, and wire media.
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              Hartree-Fock LAPW approach to the electronic properties of periodic systems

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jbchs
                Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society
                J. Braz. Chem. Soc.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Química (São Paulo )
                1678-4790
                December 2014
                : 25
                : 12
                : 2304-2313
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de Brasília Brazil
                Article
                S0103-50532014001202304
                10.5935/0103-5053.20140238
                b6d05667-23a8-4156-a6f0-cbff77f3dcb3

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-5053&lng=en
                Categories
                CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

                General chemistry
                ferrites,biodiesel,hydrolysis,esterification,transesterification
                General chemistry
                ferrites, biodiesel, hydrolysis, esterification, transesterification

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