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      Prevalence of smoking in a psychiatric hospital and its relationship with respiratory symptoms and the prevalence of COPD

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          Psychiatric patients present an elevated rate of smoking, and the smoking habit is related to a high morbidity and mortality in this collective. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of smoking in patients admitted for psychiatric disorders and its relationship with respiratory disease, the prevalence of COPD, and alterations in the quality of life.

          Patients and methods

          A cross-sectional, observational study was conducted and detailed information on smoking and respiratory symptomatology was obtained. The study participants underwent the following tests: spirometry with bronchodilator test, Fagerström test, determination of physical activity using the LCADL questionnaire, and evaluation of quality of life with the EuroQoL-5 Dimensions EQ-5D questionnaire.

          Results

          Two hundred seventy-six patients (mean age 56.8 years) were included: 155 with schizophrenia (87.7% smokers), 46 with depressive or anxiety disorders (54.3% smokers), and 49 and 25 with intellectual disability and dementia (43.2% smokers), respectively. The mean Fagerström test score was 5.75 points. Smokers presented with cough (47.6%), expectoration (41.4%), and chronic bronchitis (36.6%). The prevalence of COPD in the total population was 28.9%. The EQ-5D and LCADL scores were better in smokers because of their younger age and lesser psychiatric involvement. A high prevalence of smoking was observed in the psychiatric population studied, and 28.9% were diagnosed with COPD.

          Conclusion

          Smokers presented many more respiratory symptoms and chronic bronchitis but did not present a worse quality of life or physical activity due to their younger age and milder psychiatric involvement.

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          Most cited references 33

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          Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities.

           Ana Duran-Pinedo,  G Sánchez-Opazo,  J Ancochea … (2009)
          This study aimed to determine the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in Spain and identify the level of undiagnosed disease and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQL) and activities of daily living (ADL). A population-based sample of 4274 adults aged 40-80 years was surveyed. They were invited to answer a questionnaire and undergo prebrochodilator and postbronchodilator spirometry. COPD was defined as a postbronchodilator FEV(1)/FVC (forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity) ratio of <0.70. For 3802 participants with good-quality postbronchodilator spirometry, the overall prevalence of COPD was 10.2% (95% CI 9.2% to 11.1%) and was higher in men (15.1%) than in women (5.6%). The prevalence of COPD stage II or higher was 4.4% (95%CI; 3.8%-5.1%). The prevalence of COPD increased with age and with cigarette smoking and was higher in those with a low educational level. A previous diagnosis of COPD was reported by only 27% of those with COPD. Diagnosed patients had more severe disease, higher cumulative tobacco consumption and more severely impaired HRQL compared with undiagnosed subjects. However, even patients with undiagnosed COPD stage I+ already showed impairment in HRQL and in some aspects of ADL compared with participants without COPD. The prevalence of COPD in individuals between 40 and 80 years of age in Spain is 10.2% and increases with age, tobacco consumption and lower educational levels. The rate of diagnosised COPD is very high and undiagnosed individuals with COPD already have a significant impairment in HRQL and ADL.
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            Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment.

             K Fagerström (1977)
            Article 0 comments Cited 147 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Geographic variations in prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD: results of the IBERPOC multicentre epidemiological study.

               J Masa,  J Viejo,  Alexia S Peña … (2000)
              To ascertain the prevalence, diagnostic level, and treatment of COPD in Spain through a multicenter study comprising seven different geographic areas. This is an epidemiologic, multicenter, population-based study conducted in seven areas of Spain. A total of 4,035 men and women (age range, 40 to 69 years) who were randomly selected from a target population of 236,412 subjects participated in the study. Eligible subjects answered the European Commission for Steel and Coal questionnaire. Spirometry was performed, followed by a bronchodilator test when bronchial obstruction was present. The prevalence of COPD was 9.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 8.1 to 10.2%), 15% in smokers (95% CI, 12.8 to 17.1%), 12.8% in ex-smokers (95% CI, 10.7 to 14.8%), and 4.1% in nonsmokers (95% CI, 3.3 to 5.1%). The prevalence in men was 14.3% (95% CI, 12.8 to 15. 9%) and 3.9% in women (95% CI, 3.1 to 4.8%). Marked differences were observed between sexes in smoking; the percentage of nonsmokers was 23% in men and 76.3% in women (p 60 years old, had higher educational levels, had > 15 pack-year smoking history, or had symptoms of chronic bronchitis. COPD is a very frequent disease in Spain, and presents significant geographic variations and a very low level of previous diagnosis and treatment, even in the most advanced cases.
              Article 0 comments Cited 80 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): International Journal of COPD
                Title: International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9106
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2005
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 07 September 2018
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 2797-2804
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Pneumology Department, Hospital General Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
                [2 ]Mental Health Services, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
                [3 ]Cardiology Department, Hospital General Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
                [4 ]Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Barcelona, Spain, mmiravitlles@ 123456vhebron.net
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Marc Miravitlles, Pneumology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron, P. Vall d’Hebron 119-129, 08035 Barcelona, Spain, Tel/fax +34 93 274 6083, Email mmiravitlles@ 123456vhebron.net
                Article
                Publisher ID: copd-13-2797
                DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S165880
                PMC ID: 6135082
                Copyright statement: © 2018 Lores et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Data availability:

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine

                Keywords: physical activity, smoking, copd, quality of life, spirometry, psychiatric patients

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