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      The visceral and liver fat are significantly associated with the prevalence of hyperuricemia among middle age and elderly people: A cross-sectional study in Chongqing, China

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          Abstract

          Background

          The prevalence of hyperuricemia (HUA) has been increasing in recent years. HUA is a crucial risk factor for gout and an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Identifying potentially modifiable factors of HUA is vital for preventing gout and even CVDs. This study aimed to explore the associations of fat distribution with HUA among middle-aged and elderly people in Chongqing, China.

          Materials and methods

          A cross-sectional study was conducted between July 2020 and September 2021. People who underwent quantitative computed tomography (QCT) scans were invited to participate in the study. A total of 3,683 individuals whose clinical characteristics and QCT-based fat distribution measurements included visceral fat area (VFA), subcutaneous fat area (SFA), and liver fat content (LFC) were well-recorded were included. HUA was defined as having a serum uric acid level greater than 420.0 μmol/L. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between these adipose variables and HUA prevalence.

          Results

          The HUA prevalence was 25.6% (943/3,683), which was 39.6% (817/2,063) in men and 7.8% (126/1,620) in women. In the fully adjusted model (model 4), the comparison of the highest one with the lowest quartiles of adipose variables showed that the multivariable OR (95% confidence intervals) of HUA were 2.08 (1.36–3.16; P for trend = 0.001) for VFA, 0.89 (0.63–1.25; P for trend = 0.651) for SFA, and 1.83 (1.42–2.34; P for trend < 0.0001) for LFC. For VFA, the association was more evident in men than in women.

          Conclusion

          Higher VFA and LFC were significantly associated with the increased prevalence of HUA in middle-aged and elderly Chinese individuals. VFA and LFC may have a predictive effect on HUA. Controlling visceral and liver fat accumulation may be beneficial for middle-aged and older people. HUA can be prevented with specific effective healthy physical activity and balanced diet guidelines.

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          Most cited references52

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          2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2018.

          (2017)
          The American Diabetes Association (ADA) "Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes" includes ADA's current clinical practice recommendations and is intended to provide the components of diabetes care, general treatment goals and guidelines, and tools to evaluate quality of care. Members of the ADA Professional Practice Committee, a multidisciplinary expert committee, are responsible for updating the Standards of Care annually, or more frequently as warranted. For a detailed description of ADA standards, statements, and reports, as well as the evidence-grading system for ADA's clinical practice recommendations, please refer to the Standards of Care Introduction Readers who wish to comment on the Standards of Care are invited to do so at professional.diabetes.org/SOC.
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            Uric acid and cardiovascular risk.

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              Sex Differences in NAFLD : State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps

              Despite tremendous research advancements in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), our understanding of sex differences in NAFLD remains insufficient. This review summarizes the current knowledge on sex differences in NAFLD, identifies gaps, and discusses important considerations for future research. The prevalence and severity of NAFLD are higher in men than in women during the reproductive age. However, after menopause, NAFLD occurs at a higher rate in women, suggesting that estrogen is protective. Sex differences also exist for the major risk factors of NAFLD. In general, animal models of NAFLD recapitulate the sex differences observed in patients, with more severe steatosis and steatohepatitis, more proinflammatory/profibrotic cytokines, and a higher incidence of hepatic tumors in male than female subjects. Based on computer modeling, female and male livers are metabolically distinct with unique regulators modulating sex-specific metabolic outcomes. Analysis of the literature reveals that most published clinical and epidemiological studies fail to examine sex differences appropriately. Considering the paucity of data on sex differences and the knowledge that regulators of pathways relevant to current therapeutic targets for NAFLD differ by sex, clinical trials should be designed to test drug efficacy and safety according to sex, age, reproductive stage (i.e., menopause), and synthetic hormone use. Conclusion: Sex differences do exist in the prevalence, risk factors, fibrosis, and clinical outcomes of NAFLD, suggesting that, while not yet incorporated, sex will probably be considered in future practice guidelines; adequate consideration of sex differences, sex hormones/menopausal status, age, and other reproductive information in clinical investigation and gene association studies of NAFLD are needed to fill current gaps and implement precision medicine for patients with NAFLD.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Nutr
                Front Nutr
                Front. Nutr.
                Frontiers in Nutrition
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                2296-861X
                13 October 2022
                2022
                : 9
                : 961792
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
                [2] 2Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University , Busan, South Korea
                Author notes

                Edited by: Clelia Madeddu, University of Cagliari, Italy

                Reviewed by: Kumpei Tanisawa, Waseda University, Japan; Masayuki Hakoda, Yasuda Women’s University, Japan

                *Correspondence: Xiaoya Qi, qixiaoya66@ 123456cqmu.edu.cn

                This article was submitted to Clinical Nutrition, a section of the journal Frontiers in Nutrition

                Article
                10.3389/fnut.2022.961792
                9613109
                36313108
                b735fe2a-10ad-4d69-9b31-230f47c40d91
                Copyright © 2022 Bai, Ying, Shen, Wu, Lai, Wang, Yu, Qi and Mei.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 05 June 2022
                : 21 September 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 52, Pages: 11, Words: 7130
                Funding
                Funded by: Chongqing Municipal Education Commission, doi 10.13039/501100007957;
                Award ID: 22SKGH065
                Funded by: Chongqing Medical University, doi 10.13039/501100004374;
                Award ID: ZHYX202024
                Funded by: Chongqing Municipal Health Commission, doi 10.13039/100016834;
                Award ID: 2021MSXM057
                Categories
                Nutrition
                Original Research

                hyperuricemia,visceral fat area,subcutaneous fat area,liver fat content,middle-age and elderly,china

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