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      Flourishing energy harvesters for future body sensor network: from single to multiple energy sources

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , 2 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , ∗
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: iScience
      Publisher: Elsevier
      Keywords: Energy Resources, Energy Systems, Biodevices, Devices

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          Summary

          Body sensor network (bodyNET) offers possibilities for future disease diagnosis, preventive health care, rehabilitation, and treatment. However, the eventual realization demands reliable and sustainable power sources. The flourishing energy harvesters (EHs) have provided prominent techniques for practically addressing the concurrent energy issue. Targeting for a specific energy source, wearable EHs with a sole conversion mechanism are well investigated. Hybrid EHs integrating different effects for a single source or multi-sources are attaining growing attention, for they provide another degree of freedom concerning a higher-level energy utility. Merging EHs with other functional electronics, diversified functional self-sustainable systems are developed, paving the way for the accomplishment of bodyNET. This review introduces the evolution of wearable EHs from a single effect to hybridized mechanisms for multiple energy sources and wearable to implantable self-sustainable systems. Last, we provide our perspectives on the future development of hybrid EHs to be more competitive with conventional batteries.

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          Abstract

          Energy Resources; Energy Systems; Biodevices; Devices

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          Flexible triboelectric generator

          Feng-Ru Fan, Zhong-Qun Tian, Zhong Wang (2012)
          Article 0 comments Cited 1200 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Piezoelectric nanogenerators based on zinc oxide nanowire arrays.

            Zhong Wang, Jinhui Song (2006)
            We have converted nanoscale mechanical energy into electrical energy by means of piezoelectric zinc oxide nanowire (NW) arrays. The aligned NWs are deflected with a conductive atomic force microscope tip in contact mode. The coupling of piezoelectric and semiconducting properties in zinc oxide creates a strain field and charge separation across the NW as a result of its bending. The rectifying characteristic of the Schottky barrier formed between the metal tip and the NW leads to electrical current generation. The efficiency of the NW-based piezoelectric power generator is estimated to be 17 to 30%. This approach has the potential of converting mechanical, vibrational, and/or hydraulic energy into electricity for powering nanodevices.
            Article 0 comments Cited 703 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Self-powered nanowire devices.

              Sheng Xu, Yong Qin, Chen Xu … (2010)
              The harvesting of mechanical energy from ambient sources could power electrical devices without the need for batteries. However, although the efficiency and durability of harvesting materials such as piezoelectric nanowires have steadily improved, the voltage and power produced by a single nanowire are insufficient for real devices. The integration of large numbers of nanowire energy harvesters into a single power source is therefore necessary, requiring alignment of the nanowires as well as synchronization of their charging and discharging processes. Here, we demonstrate the vertical and lateral integration of ZnO nanowires into arrays that are capable of producing sufficient power to operate real devices. A lateral integration of 700 rows of ZnO nanowires produces a peak voltage of 1.26 V at a low strain of 0.19%, which is potentially sufficient to recharge an AA battery. In a separate device, a vertical integration of three layers of ZnO nanowire arrays produces a peak power density of 2.7 mW cm(-3). We use the vertically integrated nanogenerator to power a nanowire pH sensor and a nanowire UV sensor, thus demonstrating a self-powered system composed entirely of nanowires.
              Article 0 comments Cited 375 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Chengkuo Lee
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): iScience
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): iScience
                Title: iScience
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2589-0042
                Publication date PMC-release: 11 December 2020
                Publication date Collection: 22 January 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 December 2020
                Volume: 24
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 101934
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
                [2 ]Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, 5 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117608, Singapore
                [3 ]National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
                [4 ]NUS Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author elelc@ 123456nus.edu.sg
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2589-0042(20)31131-7 Publisher ID: 101934
                DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101934
                PMC ID: 7773596
                PubMed ID: 33392482
                SO-VID: b74af051-7066-436f-8284-7e67dd04b44a
                Copyright © © 2020 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: energy resources,energy systems,biodevices,devices
                Data availability:
                Keywords: energy resources, energy systems, biodevices, devices

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