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      Desigualdades en salud: nuevas perspectivas teóricas Translated title: Health inequalities: new theoretical perspectives

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN En este texto pretendo articular la problemática teórica de las desigualdades económicas y sociales con la determinación social de la salud. Inicialmente presento una síntesis de las teorías de justicia y equidad de Rawls y Sen, que ilustran la perspectiva dominante de las epistemologías del norte. En segundo lugar, discuto aplicaciones de ese marco teórico en la bibliografía sobre desigualdades sociales y determinación social de la salud-enfermedad-cuidado. En tercer lugar, presento una propuesta de matriz semántica para la serie significante diferencia-distinción-desigualdad-inequidad-iniquidad, que contribuye a reducir la confusión terminológica existente. Luego, introduzco un modelo teórico sintético sobre el binomio pobreza-desigualdades, referenciado en los conceptos de recursos sociales, prácticas de salud, servicios de salud y situación-condiciones de salud. Finalmente, desde la perspectiva de las epistemologías del sur global, tomando la coyuntura brasileña actual como caso de estudio, discuto sus implicancias políticas relacionadas con la hipótesis de que está en curso un proceso de transformación de las desigualdades económicas con nuevas formas de inequidades sociales e iniquidades en salud.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT This article, I intend to articulate the theoretical problem of economic and social inequalities with the issue of the social determination of health. Initially, I provide a summary of Rawls’ and Sen’s theories of justice and equity as an illustration of the dominant perspective in Northern epistemologies. Second, I discuss applications of this theoretical framework in the literature on social inequalities and the social determination of health-illness-care. Thirdly, I present a semantic matrix proposed for the difference-distinction-inequality-inequity-iniquity series to help reduce the existing terminological confusion. Next, I introduce a synthetic theoretical model about the poverty-inequality dyad, referring to the concepts of social resources, health practices, health services, and health situation/conditions. Finally, oriented by an epistemological perspective from the global South, and taking the current Brazilian situation as a case study, I discuss political implications of the complex contemporary conjuncture, pertinent to the hypothesis that a process of transformation of economic inequalities into new forms of social inequities and health iniquities is currently underway.

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          The social determinants of health: coming of age.

          In the United States, awareness is increasing that medical care alone cannot adequately improve health overall or reduce health disparities without also addressing where and how people live. A critical mass of relevant knowledge has accumulated, documenting associations, exploring pathways and biological mechanisms, and providing a previously unavailable scientific foundation for appreciating the role of social factors in health. We review current knowledge about health effects of social (including economic) factors, knowledge gaps, and research priorities, focusing on upstream social determinants-including economic resources, education, and racial discrimination-that fundamentally shape the downstream determinants, such as behaviors, targeted by most interventions. Research priorities include measuring social factors better, monitoring social factors and health relative to policies, examining health effects of social factors across lifetimes and generations, incrementally elucidating pathways through knowledge linkage, testing multidimensional interventions, and addressing political will as a key barrier to translating knowledge into action.
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            Theories for social epidemiology in the 21st century: an ecosocial perspective.

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              Stress and health: major findings and policy implications.

              Forty decades of sociological stress research offer five major findings. First, when stressors (negative events, chronic strains, and traumas) are measured comprehensively, their damaging impacts on physical and mental health are substantial. Second, differential exposure to stressful experiences is a primary way that gender, racial-ethnic, marital status, and social class inequalities in physical and mental health are produced. Third, minority group members are additionally harmed by discrimination stress. Fourth, stressors proliferate over the life course and across generations, widening health gaps between advantaged and disadvantaged group members. Fifth, the impacts of stressors on health and well-being are reduced when persons have high levels of mastery, self-esteem, and/or social support. With respect to policy, to help individuals cope with adversity, tried and true coping and support interventions should be more widely disseminated and employed. To address health inequalities, the structural conditions that put people at risk of stressors should be a focus of programs and policies at macro and meso levels of intervention. Programs and policies also should target children who are at lifetime risk of ill health and distress due to exposure to poverty and stressful family circumstances.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sc
                Salud colectiva
                Salud colect.
                Universidad Nacional de Lanús (Lanús, Buenos Aires, Argentina )
                1669-2381
                1851-8265
                2020
                : 16
                : e2751
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Instituto de Estudios Avançados Brazil naomaralmeida@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1851-82652020000100420 S1851-8265(20)01600000420
                10.18294/sc.2020.2751
                b7577519-e61f-4c2c-a4ad-2e70f239c9dc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 07 June 2020
                : 02 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 102, Pages: 0
                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Artículos

                Equidad en Salud,Social Determinants of Health,Socioeconomic Factors,Determinantes Sociales de la Salud,Factores Socioeconómicos,Health Equity

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