CACCHEO Y MINERÍA MEDIANA EN LAS PROVINCIAS DE POTOSÍ: LÍPEZ Y PORCO (1830-1850)

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Abstract

El artículo examina la pequeña y mediana minería de la plata en dos provincias de Potosí (Bolivia) durante la República temprana, situándola entre las políticas estatales de rescate y amonedación, y el contrabando por la "ruta de las pastas" hacia Salta y la costa chilena. Se identifica el papel de los "fomentadores" bolivianos, que daban créditos y se encargaban del envío de las "oncitas" de plata desde las provincias al Banco de Rescates. Se analiza los mecanismos de acumulación minera (sin recurso a capitales extranjeros), mostrando cómo la relación "al partir" entre los propietarios y sus "socios" indígenas (cacchas) pudo transformarse en una relación "reglamentada" entre patrón y jornalero. Finalmente, se comparan dos empresas de Porco: Siporo y Huanchaca, ambas se unían en su oposición a la injerencia estatal en las relaciones laborales, y sobre todo contra los intentos del Presidente Santa Cruz de introducir un nuevo Código Minero en defensa de los trabajadores.

Translated abstract

The article examines small and medium silver mining in two provinces of Potosí (Bolivia) during the early Republic, situating it between state buying, minting policies and smuggling via the "silver road" to Salta and the Chilean coast. The role of the Bolivian providers of small loans is identified, who then collected and sent ounces of silver from the local refineries to the Mining Bank. The mechanisms of mining accumulation (without recourse to foreign capitals) are analyzed, showing how the "share־cropping" arrangement between the mine owner and his Indian "associates" (cacchas) could be transformed into a "regular" relationship between boss and day laborer. Finally, I compare two middle־mining businesses, Siporo and Huanchaca, both were united against State interference in labor relations, especially President Santa Cruz's efforts to introduce a new Mining Code in defense of the workers.

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Coacción y Mercado. La minería de la plata en el Potosí colonial, 1692-1825

E TANDETER, Enrique Tandeter, E Tandeter … (1992)

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Huayrachinas and Tocochimbos: Traditional Smelting Technology of the Southern Andes

Mary Van Buren, Barbara Mills (2005)

Metal production has been a key economic activity in the southern Andes for the last 2,000 years, but relatively little is known about the indigenous technology used to process and smelt ores, in part because these activities are often difficult for investigators to identify in the archaeological record. In 2001 and 2002, members of the Proyecto Arqueológico Porco-Potosí had the opportunity to observe the use of indigenous smelting technology to produce silver in southern Bolivia. The data generated by these ethnographic observations, as well as by historical texts that describe traditional smelting, are used to interpret a sixteenth-century metal production site excavated by the authors in Bolivia and two production locales reported from Argentina and Chile. This assessment suggests that a great deal of variability existed in the metallurgical traditions of the southern Andes, and that the full spectrum will only be understood if archaeologists can recognize the material correlates of different types of technological processes.