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      A comprehensive and critical overview of schistosomiasis vaccine candidates

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          Abstract

          A digenetic platyhelminth Schistosoma is the causative agent of schistosomiasis, one of the neglected tropical diseases that affect humans and animals in numerous countries in the Middle East, sub-Saharan Africa, South America and China. Several control methods were used for prevention of infection or treatment of acute and chronic disease. Mass drug administration led to reduction in heavy-intensity infections and morbidity, but failed to decrease schistosomiasis prevalence and eliminate transmission, indicating the need to develop anti-schistosome vaccine to prevent infection and parasite transmission. This review summarizes the efficacy and protective capacity of available schistosomiasis vaccine candidates with some insights and future prospects.

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          Most cited references277

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          Schistosomiasis.

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            Whole-genome sequence of Schistosoma haematobium.

            Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by blood flukes (genus Schistosoma; schistosomes) and affecting 200 million people worldwide. No vaccines are available, and treatment relies on one drug, praziquantel. Schistosoma haematobium has come into the spotlight as a major cause of urogenital disease, as an agent linked to bladder cancer and as a predisposing factor for HIV/AIDS. The parasite is transmitted to humans from freshwater snails. Worms dwell in blood vessels and release eggs that become embedded in the bladder wall to elicit chronic immune-mediated disease and induce squamous cell carcinoma. Here we sequenced the 385-Mb genome of S. haematobium using Illumina-based technology at 74-fold coverage and compared it to sequences from related parasites. We included genome annotation based on function, gene ontology, networking and pathway mapping. This genome now provides an unprecedented resource for many fundamental research areas and shows great promise for the design of new disease interventions.
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              Moonlighting proteins: an intriguing mode of multitasking.

              Proteins are macromolecules, which perform a large variety of functions. Most of them have only a single function, but an increasing number of proteins are being identified as multifunctional. Moonlighting proteins form a special class of multifunctional proteins. They perform multiple autonomous and often unrelated functions without partitioning these functions into different domains of the protein. Striking examples are enzymes, which in addition to their catalytic function are involved in fully unrelated processes such as autophagy, protein transport or DNA maintenance. In this contribution we present an overview of our current knowledge of moonlighting proteins and discuss the significant implications for biomedical and fundamental research. 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                nmahana@sci.cu.edu.eg
                Journal
                J Parasit Dis
                J Parasit Dis
                Journal of Parasitic Diseases: Official Organ of the Indian Society for Parasitology
                Springer India (New Delhi )
                0971-7196
                0975-0703
                25 April 2021
                : 1-24
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.7776.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0639 9286, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, , Cairo Univesity, ; Giza, 12613 Egypt
                Article
                1387
                10.1007/s12639-021-01387-w
                8068781
                33935395
                b7a91a2f-03b4-458c-87ae-f8e697c19075
                © Indian Society for Parasitology 2021

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 16 January 2021
                : 31 March 2021
                Categories
                Review Article

                schistosomiasis,schistosoma,vaccine,candidate vaccines,protective immunity

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