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      Hábitos alimenticios, estilos de vida y riesgos para la salud. Estudio en una población militar Translated title: Eating habits, lifestyles and health risks. Study in a military population

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN La alimentación es uno de los principales desafíos que la salud tiene en el siglo XXI. Una inadecuada alimentación junto con la ausencia de actividad física y el sedentarismo se encuentran entre las primeras causas de enfermedad evitable y muerte prematura en Europa. En nuestro país, el modelo de Dieta Mediterránea se está relegando a favor de un modelo de dieta occidental. La consecuencia es la existencia, cada vez más frecuente, de problemas de salud ligados a la alimentación, entre los que destacan la obesidad, entidad en aumento año tras año que se asocia a numerosas enfermedades crónicas, especialmente de carácter cardiovascular y metabólico. Objetivo: analizar los hábitos alimenticios, estilos de vida y datos antropométricos de una población militar. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional, transversal y descriptivo. Los datos fueron recogidos a través de cuestionarios sobre hábitos alimentarios, estilos de vida y enfermedades asociadas y de medidas antropométricas. Resultados: Se consiguió una muestra de 107 individuos. Más del 70% necesita cambios en su alimentación, los datos de adhesión a la Dieta Mediterránea son desiguales, siendo adecuados sólo en frutas, cereales, legumbres, aceite de oliva, leche y huevos. Un 69,79% realiza actividad física en su tiempo libre. Las cifras de sobrepeso y obesidad son del 30,17% y 8,75% respectivamente. Conclusiones: Los resultados obtenidos nos aportan conocimientos sobre esta área, para tratar de modificar patrones y estilos no saludables, a través de programas educativos, y emplearlos como instrumentos de promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Food is one of the main challenges that health has in the twenty-first century. An inadequate diet together with the absence of physical activity and sedentary lifestyle are among the leading causes of preventable disease and premature death in Europe. In our country, the Mediterranean Diet model is being relegated in favor of a Western diet model. The consequence is the existence, more and more frequent, of health problems linked to diet, among which obesity stands out, an entity that is increasing year after year that is associated with numerous chronic diseases, especially those of a cardiovascular and metabolic nature. Objective: Analyze the feeding habits lifestyles of a military population and antropometric measures. Material and methods: Observational, cross-sectional and descriptive study. The data will be collected through questionnaires on feeding habits, lifestyles and associated diseases and of anthropometric measures. Results: The sample was performed by 107 persons. More than 70% of the sample needs changes in their diet, the data for adherence to the Mediterranean Diet are uneven, they were only correct in fruits, cereals, legumes, olive oil, milk and eggs. 69.79% of the sample performs physical activity in their free time. The overweight and obesity figures are 30.17% and 8.75% respectively. Conclusions: The results obtained provide us with knowledge on this area, to try to modify unhealthy patterns and styles, through educational programs and to use them as instruments of health promotion and disease prevention.

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          Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet.

          Observational cohort studies and a secondary prevention trial have shown an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk. We conducted a randomized trial of this diet pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. In a multicenter trial in Spain, we randomly assigned participants who were at high cardiovascular risk, but with no cardiovascular disease at enrollment, to one of three diets: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts, or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat). Participants received quarterly individual and group educational sessions and, depending on group assignment, free provision of extra-virgin olive oil, mixed nuts, or small nonfood gifts. The primary end point was the rate of major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes). On the basis of the results of an interim analysis, the trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 4.8 years. A total of 7447 persons were enrolled (age range, 55 to 80 years); 57% were women. The two Mediterranean-diet groups had good adherence to the intervention, according to self-reported intake and biomarker analyses. A primary end-point event occurred in 288 participants. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.96) for the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil (96 events) and the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with nuts (83 events), respectively, versus the control group (109 events). No diet-related adverse effects were reported. Among persons at high cardiovascular risk, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events. (Funded by the Spanish government's Instituto de Salud Carlos III and others; Controlled-Trials.com number, ISRCTN35739639.).
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            Mediterranean diet pyramid today. Science and cultural updates.

            To present the Mediterranean diet (MD) pyramid: a lifestyle for today. A new graphic representation has been conceived as a simplified main frame to be adapted to the different nutritional and socio-economic contexts of the Mediterranean region. This review gathers updated recommendations considering the lifestyle, dietary, sociocultural, environmental and health challenges that the current Mediterranean populations are facing. Mediterranean region and its populations. Many innovations have arisen since previous graphical representations of the MD. First, the concept of composition of the 'main meals' is introduced to reinforce the plant-based core of the dietary pattern. Second, frugality and moderation is emphasised because of the major public health challenge of obesity. Third, qualitative cultural and lifestyle elements are taken into account, such as conviviality, culinary activities, physical activity and adequate rest, along with proportion and frequency recommendations of food consumption. These innovations are made without omitting other items associated with the production, selection, processing and consumption of foods, such as seasonality, biodiversity, and traditional, local and eco-friendly products. Adopting a healthy lifestyle and preserving cultural elements should be considered in order to acquire all the benefits from the MD and preserve this cultural heritage. Considering the acknowledgment of the MD as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO (2010), and taking into account its contribution to health and general well-being, we hope to contribute to a much better adherence to this healthy dietary pattern and its way of life with this new graphic representation.
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              Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.

              The Mediterranean diet has long been reported to be protective against the occurrence of several different health outcomes. We aimed to update our previous meta-analysis of published cohort prospective studies that investigated the effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health status. We conducted a comprehensive literature search through electronic databases up to June 2010. The updated review process showed 7 prospective studies published in the past 2 y that were not included in the previous meta-analysis (1 study for overall mortality, 3 studies for cardiovascular incidence or mortality, 1 study for cancer incidence or mortality, and 2 studies for neurodegenerative diseases). These recent studies included 2 health outcomes not previously investigated (ie, mild cognitive impairment and stroke). The meta-analysis for all studies with a random-effects model that was conducted after the inclusion of these recent studies showed that a 2-point increase in adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with a significant reduction of overall mortality [relative risk (RR) = 0.92; 95% CI: 0.90, 0.94], cardiovascular incidence or mortality (RR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.87, 0.93), cancer incidence or mortality (RR = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.92, 0.96), and neurodegenerative diseases (RR = 0.87; 95% CI: 0.81, 0.94). The meta-regression analysis showed that sample size was the most significant contributor to the model because it significantly influenced the estimate of the association for overall mortality. This updated meta-analysis confirms, in a larger number of subjects and studies, the significant and consistent protection provided by adherence to the Mediterranean diet in relation to the occurrence of major chronic degenerative diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                sm
                Sanidad Militar
                Sanid. Mil.
                Ministerio de Defensa (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1887-8571
                June 2022
                : 78
                : 2
                : 74-81
                Affiliations
                [3] Madrid orgnameHCD «Gómez Ulla» orgdiv1Servicio de Anestesiología y reanimación España
                [1] El Pardo Madrid orgnameServicio de Sanidad de la Guardia Real España
                [2] Cádiz orgnameJefatura de Apoyo Sanitario de la Bahía de Cádiz España
                Article
                S1887-85712022000200004 S1887-8571(22)07800200004
                10.4321/s1887-85712022000200004
                b7e74764-9926-4b1c-9f1d-d4d4846a126f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                : 30 June 2021
                : 14 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Artículo Original

                Actividad Física,Health Promotion and Education,Obesity,Lifestyles,Physical Activity,Mediterranean Diet,Food Habits,Dieta Mediterránea,Hábitos Alimenticios,Estilos de vida,Obesidad,Promoción y Educación de la Salud

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