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      Carotid Atherosclerosis Progression in Postmenopausal Women Receiving a Mixed Phytoestrogen Regimen: Plausible Parallels with Kronos Early Estrogen Replacement Study

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          Abstract

          This randomized double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trial evaluated the progression of intima-media thickness of common carotid artery (cIMT) and the effect of phytoestrogen therapy on atherosclerosis development in early and late postmenopausal women. The 2-year cIMT progression was evaluated in 315 early postmenopausal women aged 40–55 years and in 231 late postmenopausal women aged 60–69 years free of cardiovascular disease. B-mode ultrasound was done at baseline and after 12 and 24 months of follow-up. The study revealed no significant changes in the rate of cIMT progression in 315 early postmenopausal women. By contrast, a statistically significant difference in the rate of atherosclerosis development was observed in late postmenopausal women treated with phytoestrogens compared to placebo ( p = 0.008). The rate of cIMT progression in the placebo group was 0.019 mm/year led to a significant increase of cIMT during the observation period ( p = 0.012), while the rate of cIMT progression in phytoestrogen late postmenopausal recipients was 0.011 mm/year, and total change did not reach statistical significance during the follow-up period ( p = 0.101). These results suggest that late postmenopausal women can be a suitable cohort for trials assessing the anti-atherosclerosis effects of phytoestrogen preparations. In particular, the beneficial effect of phytoestrogens on cIMT progression was demonstrated in late postmenopausal women.

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          Most cited references39

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          Isoflavones

          Phytoestrogens are naturally occurring nonsteroidal phenolic plant compounds that, due to their molecular structure and size, resemble vertebrate steroids estrogens. This review is focused on plant flavonoids isoflavones, which are ranked among the most estrogenic compounds. The main dietary sources of isoflavones for humans are soybean and soybean products, which contain mainly daidzein and genistein. When they are consumed, they exert estrogenic and/or antiestrogenic effects. Isoflavones are considered chemoprotective and can be used as an alternative therapy for a wide range of hormonal disorders, including several cancer types, namely breast cancer and prostate cancer, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, or menopausal symptoms. On the other hand, isoflavones may also be considered endocrine disruptors with possible negative influences on the state of health in a certain part of the population or on the environment. This review deals with isoflavone classification, structure, and occurrence, with their metabolism, biological, and health effects in humans and animals, and with their utilization and potential risks.
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            Novel insights into the pharmacology of flavonoids.

            Flavonoids are widely distributed secondary metabolites and currently consumed in large amounts in the daily diet. In this article, some of the most recent developments in flavonoid - and related polyphenolic compounds - pharmacology are discussed, with particular emphasis on very recent data, most of which are published in Phytotherapy Research, which highlight new aspects in flavonoid anti-inflammatory, antilipidemic, antihyperglycemic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, gastric antiulcer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, antioxidant and anticancer actions. These updated data confirm the well-established diverse beneficial pharmacological actions and might support the perspective for a therapeutic use.
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              Phytoestrogens and breast cancer: In vitro anticancer activities of isoflavones, lignans, coumestans, stilbenes and their analogs and derivatives

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Biology (Basel)
                Biology (Basel)
                biology
                Biology
                MDPI
                2079-7737
                06 March 2020
                March 2020
                : 9
                : 3
                : 48
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418 Moscow, Russia; igor.sobenin@ 123456gmail.com (I.A.S.); a.h.opexob@ 123456gmail.com (A.N.O.)
                [2 ]National Medical Research Center of Cardiology, 15A 3 Cherepkovskaya Str., 121552 Moscow, Russia
                [3 ]Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 8 Baltiyskaya Str., 125315 Moscow, Russia; myika@ 123456yandex.ru (V.A.M.); varvaraao@ 123456gmail.com (V.A.O.)
                [4 ]Centro Cardiologico Monzino IRCCS, Via Carlo Parea 4, 20138 Milan, Italy; alessio.ravani@ 123456ccfm.it (A.L.R.); paolo.poggio@ 123456ccfm.it (P.P.)
                [5 ]Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, 143025 Moscow, Russia
                [6 ]Department of Molecular Basis of Ontogenesis, Belozersky Institute of Physical and Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; romanenkoeb@ 123456mail.ru
                [7 ]Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Bei-Hu Branch, Taipei 108, Taiwan; weikaiwu0115@ 123456gmail.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: t-gorchakova@ 123456mail.ru ; Tel.: +7-910-461-58-45
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2899-9202
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4894-7685
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-6444
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7225-3379
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9476-8998
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3318-4681
                Article
                biology-09-00048
                10.3390/biology9030048
                7150954
                32155747
                b7f1c660-5218-44a4-8706-b1b6adfc1ac9
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 16 January 2020
                : 03 March 2020
                Categories
                Case Report

                women,postmenopause,cimt progression,atherosclerosis,phytoestrogens

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