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      Flowering phenology of Catopsis compacta (Bromeliaceae), a dioecious epiphyte in an oak forest Translated title: Fenología florar de Catopsis compacta (Bromeliaceae), una epífita decidua en un bosque de roble

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: Knowledge of the flowering phenology of species with an epiphytic habit and a dioecious sexual system is scarce. Questions: We studied the flowering phenology of a population of the dioecious epiphytic bromeliad, Catopsis compacta, in an oak forest in Oaxaca, Mexico, to answer the following questions: 1) what type of flowering period is exhibited by this population of C. compacta? 2) what is the degree of synchrony between the male and female flowering periods? and 3) what is the flowering synchrony index of the population? Methods: In February 2006, in a 20 m × 20 m plot, we marked and measured 151 individuals of C. compacta ≥ 10 cm in height (minimum reproductive size). We recorded the number of flowers and fruits present in each individual every month for one year. Results: Our results showed that the flowering period in both sexes lasted for three months (May-July). Only 23 marked individuals flowered (15.23 %): of these 12 (52.17 %) were female and 11 (47.83 %) were male. The index of synchrony between females and males was 0.958 ± 0.013 and the flowering synchrony index of the population was 0.833 ± 0.189. Conclusions: The high flowering synchrony between the sexes, together with a flowering season that coincided with the period of highest rainfall when the number of arthropods (potential pollinators) is the highest, could favor breeding and, therefore, reproductive success.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Antecedentes: El conocimiento de la fenología de floración de las especies con hábito epífito y sistema sexual dioico es escaso. Preguntas: En este estudio se evaluó la fenología de floración de una población de Catopsis compacta, una bromelia dioica, en un bosque de encino en Oaxaca, México, con el fin de contestar las siguientes preguntas: 1) ¿qué tipo de floración presenta la población de C. compacta? 2) ¿Cuál es el grado de sincronía entre individuos masculinos y femeninos? 3) ¿Cuál es el índice de sincronía a nivel poblacional? Metodos: En febrero de 2006, se marcaron 151 individuos ≥ 10 cm de altura en un cuadrante (20 × 20 m), y se midió su longitud total. Se realizaron censos mensuales, por un año para registrar su estado fenológico. En la etapa de floración, se contó el número de flores y frutos presentes en cada individuo. Resultados: La floración de ambos sexos tuvo una duración total de tres meses (mayo-julio). Del total de individuos marcados sólo 23 (15.23 %) florecieron; de 12 (52.17 %) pistilados y 11 (47.83 %) estaminados. El índice de sincronía entre hembras y machos fue de 0.958 ± 0.013. El índice de sincronía a nivel población fue de 0.833 ± 0.189. Conclusiones: La alta sincronía de floración entre ambos sexos, junto con el hecho que la época de floración coincida con el periodo de mayor precipitación, momento en que se presenta el mayor número de artrópodos (posibles polinizadores), podrían favorecer la polinización y en consecuencia el éxito reproductivo de la especie.

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          Flowering Phenology and Diversity in Tropical Bignoniaceae

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            Divergence of reproductive phenology under climate warming.

            Because the flowering and fruiting phenology of plants is sensitive to environmental cues such as temperature and moisture, climate change is likely to alter community-level patterns of reproductive phenology. Here we report a previously unreported phenomenon: experimental warming advanced flowering and fruiting phenology for species that began to flower before the peak of summer heat but delayed reproduction in species that started flowering after the peak temperature in a tallgrass prairie in North America. The warming-induced divergence of flowering and fruiting toward the two ends of the growing season resulted in a gap in the staggered progression of flowering and fruiting in the community during the middle of the season. A double precipitation treatment did not significantly affect flowering and fruiting phenology. Variation among species in the direction and magnitude of their response to warming caused compression and expansion of the reproductive periods of different species, changed the amount of overlap between the reproductive phases, and created possibilities for an altered selective environment to reshape communities in a future warmed world.
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              Sexual dimorphism in flowering plants.

              Among dioecious flowering plants, females and males often differ in a range of morphological, physiological, and life-history traits. This is referred to as sexual dimorphism, and understanding why it occurs is a central question in evolutionary biology. Our review documents a range of sexually dimorphic traits in angiosperm species, discusses their ecological consequences, and details the genetic and evolutionary processes that drive divergence between female and male phenotypes. We consider why sexual dimorphism in plants is generally less well developed than in many animal groups, and also the importance of sexual and natural selection in contributing to differences between the sexes. Many sexually dimorphic characters, including both vegetative and flowering traits, are associated with differences in the costs of reproduction, which are usually greater in females, particularly in longer-lived species. These differences can influence the frequency and distribution of females and males across resource gradients and within heterogeneous environments, causing niche differences and the spatial segregation of the sexes. The interplay between sex-specific adaptation and the breakdown of between-sex genetic correlations allows for the independent evolution of female and male traits, and this is influenced in some species by the presence of sex chromosomes. We conclude by providing suggestions for future work on sexual dimorphism in plants, including investigations of the ecological and genetic basis of intraspecific variation, and genetic mapping and expression studies aimed at understanding the genetic architecture of sexually dimorphic trait variation.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bs
                Botanical Sciences
                Bot. sci
                Sociedad Botánica de México A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                2007-4298
                2007-4476
                December 2016
                : 94
                : 4
                : 729-736
                Affiliations
                [1] Sta. Cruz Xoxocotlán orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1CIIDIR Mexico
                [2] orgnameUniversidad de Colima orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias Mexico
                Article
                S2007-42982016000400729
                10.17129/botsci.669
                b816d59a-3108-44ea-b64b-86b407e76d6c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 02 November 2015
                : 21 June 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ecology

                Ecology
                epiphytes,Catopsis,Bromeliaceae,fenología,dioecia,epífitas,dioecy,phenology
                Ecology
                epiphytes, Catopsis, Bromeliaceae, fenología, dioecia, epífitas, dioecy, phenology

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