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      Infectivity of housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae) to different entomopathogenic fungi

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      Author(s): , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
      Publisher: Elsevier
      Keywords: Entomopathogenic fungi, Fecundity, Housefly, Infectivity, Pathogen, Vector

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          Abstract

          The housefly Musca domestica is a worldwide insect pest that acts as a vector for many pathogenic diseases in both people and animals. The present study was conducted to evaluate the virulence of different local isolates of Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium anisopliae and Isaria fumosorosea on M. domestica using two bioassay techniques: (1) adult immersion and (2) a bait method applied to both larvae and adults. The results showed evidence of a broad range of responses by both stages (larvae and adults) to the tested isolates of B. bassiana, M. anisopliae and I. fumosorosea. These responses were concentration-dependent, with mortality percentages ranging from 53.00% to 96.00%. Because it resulted in lower LC 50 values and a shorter lethal time, B. bassiana (Bb-01) proved to be the most virulent isolate against both housefly larvae and adults. Sublethal doses of the tested isolates were also assessed to evaluate their effect on M. domestica fecundity and longevity. The fungal infections reduced housefly survival regardless of their sex and also decreased egg production in females.

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          Infection of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes with entomopathogenic fungi: effect of host age and blood-feeding status

          Ladslaus L Mnyone, Matthew Kirby, Monica Mpingwa … (2010)
          Physiological characteristics of insects can influence their susceptibility to fungal infection of which age and nutritional status are among the most important. An understanding of host–pathogen interaction with respect to these physiological characteristics of the host is essential if we are to develop fungal formulations capable of reducing malaria transmission under field conditions. Here, two independent bioassays were conducted to study the effect of age and blood-feeding status on fungal infection and survival of Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles. Mosquitoes were exposed to 2 × 1010 conidia m−2 of oil-formulated Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE-30 and of Beauveria bassiana I93-825, respectively, and their survival was monitored daily. Three age groups of mosquitoes were exposed, 2–4, 5–8, and 9–12 days since emergence. Five groups of different feeding status were exposed: non-blood-fed, 3, 12, 36, and 72 h post-blood feeding. Fungal infection reduced the survival of mosquitoes regardless of their age and blood-feeding status. Although older mosquitoes died relatively earlier than younger ones, age did not tend to affect mosquito susceptibility to fungal infection. Non-blood-fed mosquitoes were more susceptible to fungus infection compared to all categories of blood-fed mosquitoes, except for those exposed to B. bassiana 72 h post-blood feeding. In conclusion, formulations of M. anisopliae and B. bassiana can equally affect mosquitoes of different age classes, with them being relatively more susceptible to fungus infection when non-blood-fed.
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            The house fly (Musca domestica) as a potential vector of metazoan parasites caught in a pig-pen in Germany.

            Maike Förster, Sven Klimpel, Kai Sievert (2009)
            In the present study a total of 224 specimens of the synanthropic house fly (Musca domestica) were caught in a pig-pen of an organic farmer in Dormagen (Germany). The flies were examined for their potential as a carrier of metazoan parasites. On the exoskeletons and in the intestines of the flies the eggs and/or larvae of four endoparasite nematode species of domestic pigs (Ascaris suum, Strongyloides ransomi, Metastrongylus sp., undetermined Strongylida) were isolated. Also one ectoparasite species, the hog louse (Haematopinus suis), was detected on the exoskeleton of one fly. The analysis of the pig faeces as potential source revealed many eggs and larvae of nematodes. A high number of A. suum eggs (62.0% of all found nematode eggs), many eggs of strongylid nematodes (21.0%), some eggs of S. ransomi and few eggs of Trichuris suis were detected. However Metastrongylus sp. could not be identified in the faeces. Further laboratory experiments verified the potential of the house fly as a transmitter of the pig parasites A. suum and T. suis. In the intestines of 59 flies (49.2%) from 120 experimentally used house flies, nematode eggs of both nematode species were detected. The present study clearly demonstrates the potential of the house fly as a vector of metazoan pig parasites.
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              House fly (Musca domestica): a review of control strategies for a challenging pest.

              Anushree Malik, Santosh Satya, Neena Singh (2007)
              Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), commonly called the house fly, is a major domestic, medical and veterinary pest that causes irritation, spoils food and acts as a vector for many pathogenic organisms. In this paper, the social and health problems related to housefly are introduced with the associated need to control its population. Physical and chemical methods of house fly control are briefly discussed. The main focus of this review is on the biological control methods for house fly control, that comprise botanical, fungal, bacterial and parasitoid agents. Although several biocontrol agents are still in the nascent stage, some of them (especially fungal and parasitoid agents) have shown reliable field performance and seem to be suitable candidates for commercialization. However, the majority of these laboratory and field studies have been conducted in the temperate region. It remains to be seen whether the application of biocontrol agents would be feasible in tropical environments. The integrated pest management practices, which can provide more reliable field performance, have also been discussed. A multi-dimensional approach that exerts control on all the life stages of house fly, but simultaneously preserves the fly's natural enemies could be an ecologically sustainable way of maintaining the fly populations below maximally acceptable limits.
              Article 0 comments Cited 15 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Shoaib Freed
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Braz J Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Braz. J. Microbiol
                Title: Brazilian Journal of Microbiology
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Print): 1517-8382
                ISSN (Electronic): 1678-4405
                Publication date PMC-release: 04 July 2016
                Publication date Collection: Oct-Dec 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 04 July 2016
                Volume: 47
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 807-816
                Affiliations
                [0005]Bahauddin Zakariya University, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Laboratory of Insect Microbiology and Biotechnology, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding author. sfareed@ 123456bzu.edu.pk
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1517-8382(16)30530-5
                DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.06.002
                PMC ID: 5052330
                PubMed ID: 27522925
                SO-VID: b84b7758-7ae1-44f7-b98a-d47a996fd688
                Copyright © © 2016 Sociedade Brasileira de Microbiologia. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 26 February 2014
                Date accepted : 4 March 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Environmental Microbiology

                Keywords: entomopathogenic fungi,fecundity,housefly,infectivity,pathogen,vector
                Data availability:
                Keywords: entomopathogenic fungi, fecundity, housefly, infectivity, pathogen, vector

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