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      The Effects of Various Amendments on Trace Element Stabilization in Acidic, Neutral, and Alkali Soil with Similar Pollution Index

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          Abstract

          Many studies have examined the application of soil amendments, including pH change-induced immobilizers, adsorbents, and organic materials, for soil remediation. This study evaluated the effects of various amendments on trace element stabilization and phytotoxicity, depending on the initial soil pH in acid, neutral, and alkali conditions. As in all types of soils, Fe and Ca were well stabilized on adsorption sites. There was an effect from pH control or adsorption mechanisms on the stabilization of cationic trace elements from inorganic amendments in acidic and neutral soil. Furthermore, acid mine drainage sludge has shown great potential for stabilizing most trace elements. In a phytotoxicity test, the ratio of the bioavailable fraction to the pseudo-total fraction significantly affected the uptake of trace elements by bok choy. While inorganic amendments efficiently decreased the bioavailability of trace elements, significant effects from organic amendments were not noticeable due to the short-term cultivation period. Therefore, the application of organic amendments for stabilizing trace elements in agricultural soil requires further study.

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          Most cited references11

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          The influence of pH and organic matter content in paddy soil on heavy metal availability and their uptake by rice plants.

          The experiments were done to investigate the effect of soil pH and organic matter content on EDTA-extractable heavy metal contents in soils and heavy metal concentrations in rice straw and grains. EDTA-extractable Cr contents in soils and concentrations in rice tissues were negatively correlated with soil pH, but positively correlated with organic matter content. The combination of soil pH and organic matter content would produce the more precise regression models for estimation of EDTA-Cu, Pb and Zn contents in soils, demonstrating the distinct effect of the two factors on the availability of these heavy metals in soils. Soil pH greatly affected heavy metal concentrations in rice plants. Furthermore, inclusion of other soil properties in the stepwise regression analysis improved the regression models for predicting straw Fe and grain Zn concentrations, indicating that other soil properties should be taken into consideration for precise predicting of heavy metal concentrations in rice plants. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The effectiveness of spent coffee grounds and its biochar on the amelioration of heavy metals-contaminated water and soil using chemical and biological assessments

            Spent coffee grounds (SCG) and charred spent coffee grounds (SCG-char) have been widely used to adsorb or to amend heavy metals that contaminate water or soil and their success is usually assessed by chemical analysis. In this work, the effects of SCG and SCG-char on metal-contaminated water and soil were evaluated using chemical and biological assessments; a phytotoxicity test using bok choy (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis Jusl.) was conducted for the biological assessment. When SCG and SCG-char were applied to acid mine drainage, the heavy metal concentrations were decreased and the pH was increased. However, for SCG, the phytotoxicity increased because a massive amount of dissolved organic carbon was released from SCG. In contrast, SCG-char did not exhibit this phenomenon because any easily released organic matter was removed during pyrolysis. While the bioavailable heavy metal content decreased in soils treated with SCG or SCG-char, the phytotoxicity only rose after SCG treatment. According to our statistical methodology, bioavailable Pb, Cu and As, as well as the electrical conductivity representing an increase in organic content, affected the phytotoxicity of soil. Therefore, applying SCG during environment remediation requires careful biological assessments and evaluations of the efficiency of this remediation technology.
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              Influence of amendments and aided phytostabilization on metal availability and mobility in Pb/Zn mine tailings

              A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of four different amendments, bone mill, bottom ash, furnace slag, and red mud, as immobilizing agents and the plant species Miscanthus sinensis and Pteridium aquilinum in aided phytostabilization of Pb/Zn mine tailings. The effects of amendments and plants on the availability and mobility of heavy metals were evaluated using single extraction, sequential extraction, pore-water analysis, and determination of heavy metal concentrations in plants. The application of Fe-rich amendments significantly reduced the amount of soluble and extractable heavy metals in the tailings (p < 0.05). Furnace slag and M. sinensis reduced CaCl2-extractable heavy metals by 56-91%, red mud and P. aquilinum treatment was the most effective at decreasing bioaccessible Pb, reducing it to 34% of the total Pb. Compared to control, water soluble Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were reduced by 99, 99, 98, and 99%, respectively, in the red mud and P. aquilinum tailings. M. sinensis accumulated heavy metals mainly in the root, and had lower translocation factors compared with P. aquilinum. The results of this study suggest that M. sinensis can be used in aided phytostabilization for these types of mine tailings and Fe-rich amendments are effective for the in situ immobilization of metals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                11 November 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 11
                : e0166335
                Affiliations
                [1 ]O-Jeong Eco-Resilience Institute, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [2 ]Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [3 ]Soil Remediation Team, Mine Reclamation Corporation, Wonju, Republic of Korea
                University of Vigo, SPAIN
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: Author SH Lee received support in the form of salary from Mine Reclamation Corporation, Wonju, Republic of Korea, a commercial company. This does not alter our adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials.

                • Conceptualization: MSK SHL JGK.

                • Data curation: MSK HG Min.

                • Formal analysis: MSK HGM SHL.

                • Funding acquisition: JGK.

                • Investigation: MSK SHL.

                • Methodology: MSK HGM SHL JGK.

                • Project administration: JGK.

                • Resources: MSK HGM, SHL JGK.

                • Software: HGM.

                • Supervision: JGK.

                • Validation: MSK SHL.

                • Visualization: MSK HGM.

                • Writing – original draft: MSK.

                • Writing – review & editing: HGM SHL JGK.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-37194
                10.1371/journal.pone.0166335
                5106014
                27835687
                b8506e58-cd8b-4913-bf41-a832a2362d61
                © 2016 Kim et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 16 September 2016
                : 26 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 4, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003725, National Research Foundation of Korea;
                Award ID: 2015R1D1A1A01057594
                Award Recipient :
                This study was funded by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) [2015R1D1A1A01057594] http://nrf.re.kr/nrf_tot_cms/index.jsp?pmi-sso-return2=none (to MS Kim). Mine Reclamation Corporation, Wonju, Republic of Korea, a commercial company, provided support in the form of salaries for authors SH Lee, but did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of these authors are articulated in the author contribution section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Analytical Chemistry
                Trace Elements
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agricultural Soil Science
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Soil Science
                Agricultural Soil Science
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Environmental Chemistry
                Soil Chemistry
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Environmental Chemistry
                Soil Chemistry
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Soil Science
                Soil Chemistry
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Physical Chemistry
                Sorption
                Adsorption
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials by Structure
                Sludge
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Ecological Remediation
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Ecology
                Community Ecology
                Ecological Remediation
                Engineering and Technology
                Environmental Engineering
                Pollution
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Chemical Compounds
                Acids
                Custom metadata
                All relevant data are within the paper.

                Uncategorized
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