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      Cambios en el patrón epidemiológico de la Hepatitis A en Andalucía: 2007-2017 Translated title: Changes in Hepatitis A epidemiological pattern in Andalucía: 2007-2017

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          RESUMEN

          Fundamentos:

          La trasmisión sexual de la hepatitis A (VHA) está documentada, principalmente en conductas de riesgo en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). En los últimos años están apareciendo brotes de VHA en HSH en países de la Unión Europea. El objetivo del trabajo fue estudiar la epidemiología del VHA en Andalucía en los últimos 10 años (2007-2017) y la de los brotes ocurridos en HSH en dicho periodo.

          Métodos:

          Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de los casos de VHA declarados en el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Andalucía (SVEA) entre enero de 2007 y mayo de 2017. Se calculó la tasa de incidencia anual por 100.000 habitantes. Se estudió la distribución de los casos por grupo de edad y sexo. Se usó la razón hombre-mujer, como marcador indirecto de los HSH.

          Resultados:

          La tasa de incidencia media anual en el periodo de estudio fue 4,09 casos por 100.000 habitantes, con una diferencia según sexo: 4,7 por 100.000 hombres y 2,53 por 100.000 mujeres. Aparecieron dos grandes brotes en este periodo: uno en 2008-2009 y otro en 2016-2017. Las características epidemiológicas de estos brotes difirieron del patrón clásico de la enfermedad, afectando a HSH jóvenes, colectivo que se asocia con conductas sexuales de riesgo.

          Conclusiones:

          Los HSH tienen un papel fundamental en los brotes de VHA aparecidos recientemente. Para el control de la enfermedad debemos realizar una estrategia diferente, valorando la introducción de la vacunación sistemática.

          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          Sexual transmission of hepatitis A (HAV) is documented, mainly by risk behaviors in men who have sex with men (MSM). There have been HAV outbreaks in MSM in countries of the European Union in the last years. The aim of this work was to study HAV epidemiology in Andalusia in the last 10 years (2007-2017) and the outbreaks among MSM in this period.

          Methods:

          Retrospective descriptive study of HAV cases reported in the Andalusia Epidemiological Surveillance System between January 2007 and May 2017. We calculated the annual incidence rate per 100000 habitants. We studied case distribution for gender and age. We used the male-female ratio as an indirect marker for MSM.

          Results:

          The mean annual incidence rate in the study period was 4.09 cases per 100000 habitants, with a difference by sex: 4.7 per 100000 men and 2.53 per 100000 women. Two large outbreaks were detected in this period: one in 2008-2009 and another in 2016-2017. The epidemiological characteristics of these outbreaks differ from the classical pattern of the disease, affecting young MSM with associated sexual risk behaviors.

          Conclusions:

          MSM play a fundamental role in recent outbreaks of HAV. For disease control we must carry out a different strategy, assessing the introduction of systematic vaccination.

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          Most cited references9

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          Hepatitis A.

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            Outbreak of hepatitis A associated with men who have sex with men (MSM), England, July 2016 to January 2017

            Between July 2016 and January 2017, 37 confirmed cases of hepatitis A with two unique IA genotype strains primarily among men who have sex with men, were reported across eight areas in England and Northern Ireland. Epidemiological and laboratory investigations indicate that these strains may have been imported several times from Spain, with secondary sexual transmission in the United Kingdom. Local and national public health services are collaborating to control this ongoing outbreak.
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              Hepatitis a among men who have sex with men in Barcelona, 1989-2010: insufficient control and need for new approaches

              Background Men who have sex with men (MSM) are a known group at risk for hepatitis A and outbreaks among this group are frequent. In Barcelona, vaccination for MSM has been recommended since 1994. In 1998 a vaccination campaign among preadolescents was implemented and an immunization program in gay bathhouses began in 2004. Objective: to asses the incidence of hepatitis A in adults in Barcelona from 1989 to 2010 and to evaluate the outbreaks among MSM including all genotypes involved. Methods All cases of acute hepatitis A among young adults notified to the Public Health Agency of Barcelona from 1989 to 2010 were included for analyses. We calculated the annual incidence rate and the incidence ratio male-to-female (M:F) as a marker for MSM. Spearman's coefficient was used to evaluate trends. We also evaluated the outbreaks among MSM and compared their characteristics using Chi-squared and ANOVA test. Fragment amplification of the VP1/P2A region was used for genetic analysis. Results The median annual incidence for the period of study was 4.7/100000 among females and 11.7/100000 among males. The rate of hepatitis A for adult woman decreased over time (Spearman' coefficient = -0.63, p = 0.002), whereas there was no decrease for adult men (Spearman' coefficient = 0.097, p = 0.67). During the study period the M:F ratio increased (Spearman' coefficient = 0.73, p < 0.001). Three large outbreaks among MSM were detected. When comparing outbreaks, there was a decrease in the percentage of bathhouse users (from 47% to 19%, p = 0.0001) and sex workers (from 6.5% to 0%) while the percentage of HIV infected individuals did not change significantly (range: 21%-28%, p = 0.36). The isolated strains were closely related to those circulating in Europe. Conclusions Annual incidences remain high among MSM without tendency to decrease. More strategies which effectively reach the whole MSM community are needed.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                09 May 2018
                Jan-Dec 2018
                : 92
                : e201805016
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalServicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Virgen de la Victoria. Málaga. España. orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Preventiva orgnameHospital Virgen de la Victoria Málaga España
                [2 ] originalServicio de Vigilancia y Salud Laboral. Secretaría General de Salud Pública y Consumo. Consejería de Salud. Junta de Andalucía. Sevilla. España. orgdiv2Servicio de Vigilancia y Salud Laboral orgdiv1Secretaría General de Salud Pública y Consumo orgnameConsejería de Salud. Junta de Andalucía Sevilla España
                [3 ] originalDepartamento de Medicina Preventiva. Facultad de Medicina. Universidad de Málaga. Málaga. España. normalizedUniversidad de Málaga orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Preventiva orgdiv1Facultad de Medicina orgnameUniversidad de Málaga Málaga Spain
                [4 ] originalServicio de Medicina Preventiva. Hospital Reina Sofía. Córdoba. España. orgdiv1Servicio de Medicina Preventiva orgnameHospital Reina Sofía Córdoba España
                Author notes
                Correspondencia Rocío Lorenzo Ortega Servicio de M Servicio de Medicina Preventiva Hospital Virgen de la Victoria Campus de Teatinos s/n 29010 Málaga, España

                Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de intereses.

                Article
                e201805016
                11587286
                29745372
                b854f29c-41d8-459f-b293-64de69ef627c

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                History
                : 24 September 2017
                : 18 December 2017
                : 09 May 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 16, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Original Breve

                hepatitis a,epidemiología,salud pública,brotes,vacuna,epidemiology,public health,sexual behavior,outbreaks,hepatitis a vaccine

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