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      Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody-Associated Vasculitis, Large Vessel Vasculitis and Kawasaki Disease in Japan

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          Abstract

          Based on studies comparing the prevalence of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) between Japan and Europe, we have learned that the difference may be due to genetic background and environmental factors, but not to diagnosis or ELISA system for myeloperoxidase and proteinase-3 ANCA. In Japan, microscopic polyangiitis is the most common among AAV, but Wegener’s granulomatosis was present in less than 2 per million patients. Also, one study from Hokkaido reported only 16 patients in a 27-year time frame. A recent retrospective study of renal vasculitis between 2000 and 2004 from Miyazaki prefecture in Japan reported an incidence of microscopic polyangiitis of 14.8 per million, but no patients with Wegener’s granulomatosis or Churg-Strauss syndrome. In the present review, we focus on ANCA-related vasculitis in Japan: (1) AAV and large vessel vasculitis – Takayasu’s arteritis and giant cell arteritis; (2) primary renal vasculitis; (3) epitopes of myeloperoxidase-ANCA in vasculitis in the Japanese population and comparison of ANCA-ELISA systems in Japan and Europe, and finally (4) children with vasculitis in Japan involving Kawasaki disease – a systemic vasculitis.

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          Most cited references42

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          Randomized trial of pulsed corticosteroid therapy for primary treatment of Kawasaki disease.

          Treatment of acute Kawasaki disease with intravenous immune globulin and aspirin reduces the risk of coronary-artery abnormalities and systemic inflammation, but despite intravenous immune globulin therapy, coronary-artery abnormalities develop in some children. Studies have suggested that primary corticosteroid therapy might be beneficial and that adverse events are infrequent with short-term use. We conducted a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether the addition of intravenous methylprednisolone to conventional primary therapy for Kawasaki disease reduces the risk of coronary-artery abnormalities. Patients with 10 or fewer days of fever were randomly assigned to receive intravenous methylprednisolone, 30 mg per kilogram of body weight (101 patients), or placebo (98 patients). All patients then received conventional therapy with intravenous immune globulin, 2 g per kilogram, as well as aspirin, 80 to 100 mg per kilogram per day until they were afebrile for 48 hours and 3 to 5 mg per kilogram per day thereafter. At week 1 and week 5 after randomization, patients in the two study groups had similar coronary dimensions, expressed as z scores adjusted for body-surface area, absolute dimensions, and changes in dimensions. As compared with patients receiving placebo, patients receiving intravenous methylprednisolone had a somewhat shorter initial period of hospitalization (P=0.05) and, at week 1, a lower erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P=0.02) and a tendency toward a lower C-reactive protein level (P=0.07). However, the two groups had similar numbers of days spent in the hospital, numbers of days of fever, rates of retreatment with intravenous immune globulin, and numbers of adverse events. Our data do not provide support for the addition of a single pulsed dose of intravenous methylprednisolone to conventional intravenous immune globulin therapy for the routine primary treatment of children with Kawasaki disease. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00132080 [ClinicalTrials.gov].) Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            Outcome of ANCA-associated renal vasculitis: a 5-year retrospective study.

            Renal involvement is frequently present in antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)-associated systemic vasculitis and is an important cause of end-stage renal failure (ESRF). This retrospective, multicenter, sequential cohort study reports presenting features and outcome of 246 new patients diagnosed in London, UK, between 1995 and 2000. Diagnostic subgroups were microscopic polyangiitis, 120 patients (49%); Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), 82 patients (33%); renal-limited vasculitis, 33 patients (13.5%); and Churg-Strauss angiitis, 11 patients (4.5%). Median age was 66 years, 57% were men, and median creatinine level at presentation was 3.87 mg/dL (342 micromol/L). ANCA was present in 92%. Cumulative patient survival at 1 and 5 years was 82% and 76%, respectively. Mortality was associated with age older than 60 years (P < 0.001), development of ESRF (P < 0.001), initial creatinine level greater than 2.26 mg/dL (200 micromol/L; P = 0.01), and sepsis (P < 0.048). ESRF occurred in 68 patients (28%), of whom 47% died. Fifty-six patients who presented with a creatinine level greater than 5.65 mg/dL (500 micromol/L) survived, and 31 patients (55%) achieved dialysis independence. Relapse occurred in 34% after a median of 13 months and was more common in patients with WG (P = 0.048) and proteinase 3-ANCA (P = 0.034). Leukopenia occurred in 41% and was associated with sepsis (P < 0.001). Mortality and morbidity of ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis are improving compared with previous series, but remain high. Renal vasculitis often affects older patients, who have a particularly poor outcome. Early diagnosis improves outcome. Leukopenia, caused by immunosuppressive therapy, should be avoided because of the close association with sepsis and death.
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              Renal histology in ANCA-associated vasculitis: differences between diagnostic and serologic subgroups.

              Differences in renal histopathology between microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and Wegener's granulomatosis (WG), and between anti-neutrophil cytoplasm autoantibody (ANCA) test results in patients with ANCA-associated vasculitis may provide insight into the differences in pathogenesis and raise the opportunity of classifying the vasculitides more accurately. The possible differences in histopathology are investigated in this study. We report an analysis of 173 patients with renal disease in microscopic polyangiitis or Wegener's granulomatosis. A total of 173 renal biopsies, performed at diagnosis, were scored by two observers separately, using a previously standardized protocol. Consensus on each biopsy was achieved during a central review. Normal glomeruli were more common in WG than in MPA (P < 0.001). Glomerulosclerosis was more prominent in MPA than in WG (P=0.003). Interstitial fibrosis (P < 0.001), tubular atrophy (P < 0.001), and tubular casts (P=0.005) were more frequently present and more severe in MPA than in WG. Presence of glomerulosclerosis was more extensive in patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-ANCA than with proteinase 3 (PR3)-ANCA (P=0.022). Interstitial fibrosis (P=0.008), tubular necrosis (P=0.030), tubular atrophy (P=0.013), and intra-epithelial infiltrates (P=0.006) were more frequently present and more severe in MPO-ANCA than in PR3-ANCA. Glomerulonephritis in relation to MPA has more characteristics of chronic injury at the time of presentation than glomerulonephritis in relation to WG. This difference may be due to a delayed establishment of diagnosis in patients with MPA compared to patients with WG. Both active and chronic lesions are more abundantly present in MPO-ANCA-positive patients than in patients with PR3-ANCA-positivity, which suggests that the pathogenesis of renal disease in these ANCA subsets could be different. Our results also suggest that ANCA test results may be useful in classifying ANCA-associated vasculitides.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                KBR
                Kidney Blood Press Res
                10.1159/issn.1420-4096
                Kidney and Blood Pressure Research
                S. Karger AG
                1420-4096
                1423-0143
                2010
                December 2010
                10 November 2010
                : 33
                : 6
                : 442-455
                Affiliations
                aRheumatology, Juntendo Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, bDialysis Division, University of Miyazaki Hospital, Miyazaki, cDepartment of Pathology, Toho University Ohashi Medical Center, Tokyo, and dInflammation Program, Department of Immunology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
                Author notes
                *Kazuo Suzuki, PhD, Inflammation Program, Department of Immunology, Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Inohana 1-8-1, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8670 (Japan), Tel. +81 43 221 0831, Fax +81 43 221 0832, E-Mail ksuzuki@faculty.chiba-u.jp
                Article
                320383 Kidney Blood Press Res 2010;33:442–455
                10.1159/000320383
                21071954
                b867a0bf-7f4b-46a3-9dab-8022abfe30a1
                © 2010 S. Karger AG, Basel

                Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 4, References: 79, Pages: 14
                Categories
                Review

                Cardiovascular Medicine,Nephrology
                Microscopic polyangiitis,Kawasaki disease,Systemic vasculitis,Epitopes,Myeloperoxidase,Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody,Vasculitis,Epitope analysis,Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis

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