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      Barriers to immunization among children of migrant workers from Myanmar living in Tak province, Thailand Translated title: Obstacles à l'immunisation chez les enfants des travailleurs immigrés du Myanmar résidant dans la province de Tak en Thaïlande Translated title: Obstáculos para la vacunación de los hijos de trabajadores inmigrantes procedentes de Myanmar en la provincia de Tak, Tailandia

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          Abstract

          PROBLEM: Immunization is a cost-effective means of improving child survival but implementation of programmes in low- and middleincome countries is variable. Children of migrants are less likely to be immunized. APPROACH: The qualitative study aimed to identify barriers to the successful implementation of migrant immunization programmes in Tak province, Thailand. We ran a total of 53 focus groups involving 371 participants in three sites. LOCAL SETTING: Tak province in Thailand borders Myanmar and has an estimated 200 000 migrants from Myanmar. Vaccine-preventable diseases are a documented cause of morbidity in this population but there is no systematic or coordinated immunization programme in the area. RELEVANT CHANGES: As a result of the findings, the subsequent immunization campaign targeted children in school to overcome those barriers of distance to immunization services, fear of arrest, not remembering immunization appointments, and the disruption of parental work. The campaigns also included immunization education for both parents and teachers. LESSONS LEARNT: Migrant parents identified similar barriers to accessing childhood immunization programmes as migrant populations elsewhere in the world, although a unique barrier identified by parents from Myanmar was "fear of arrest". The subsequent schoolbased strategy to overcome these barriers appears to be effective.

          Translated abstract

          PROBLÈME: L'immunisation est un moyen rentable d'améliorer la survie des enfants, mais la mise en oeuvre des programmes dans les pays à revenu faible et moyen est variable. Les enfants des immigrés ont moins de chances d'être immunisés. APPROCHE: L'étude qualitative visait à identifier les obstacles à la mise en oeuvre réussie des programmes d'immunisation des immigrés dans la province de Tak, en Thaïlande. Nous avons effectué cette étude sur un total de 53 groupes cibles, impliquant 371 participants sur trois sites. ENVIRONNEMENT LOCALE: La province de Tak en Thaïlande est frontalière du Myanmar et accueille approximativement 200 000 immigrés du Myanmar. Les maladies à prévention vaccinale sont une cause attestée de la morbidité dans cette population, mais il n'existe aucun programme d'immunisation systématique ou coordonné dans la région. CHANGEMENTS SIGNIFICATIFS: Suite aux résultats, la campagne de vaccination qui a suivi ciblait les enfants d'une école pour surmonter ces obstacles liés à la distance des services de vaccination, à la peur de l'arrestation, à l'oubli des rendez-vous de vaccination, ainsi qu'à la défaillance de la responsabilité parentale. Les campagnes comprenaient également l'éducation à la vaccination pour les parents et les enseignants. LEÇONS TIRÉES: Les parents immigrés ont identifié des obstacles à l'accès aux programmes d'immunisation infantile similaires à ceux des populations immigrées du monde entier, bien qu'un seul obstacle identifié par les parents originaires du Myanmar ait été «la peur de l'arrestation». La stratégie scolaire ultérieure permettant de surmonter ces obstacles semble être efficace.

          Translated abstract

          SITUACIÓN: La vacunación es un método rentable para mejorar la supervivencia infantil, aunque la aplicación de este tipo de programas resulta variable en países de ingresos medios y bajos. Los hijos de inmigrantes tienen menos probabilidades de vacunarse. ENFOQUE: Estudio cualitativo para identificar los obstáculos existentes para la correcta aplicación de los programas de vacunación de inmigrantes en la provincia de Tak, en Tailandia. Establecimos un total de 53 grupos muestrales, con un total de 371 participantes de tres emplazamientos. MARCO REGIONAL: La provincia de Tak se sitúa en la frontera de Tailandia con Myanmar y en ella habitan aproximadamente 200 000 inmigrantes procedentes de dicho país. Las enfermedades vacunables son una causa documentada de morbilidad en esta población, pero no existe un programa de vacunación sistemática y coordinada en esta área. CAMBIOS IMPORTANTES: Como consecuencia de los resultados, la subsiguiente campaña de vacunación estuvo dirigida a los niños escolarizados, con el fin superar los obstáculos relacionados con la distancia de los servicios de vacunación, el miedo a ser arrestados, el olvido de las citas de vacunación y la discontinuidad del trabajo parental. Las campañas incluyeron educación sobre la vacunación, tanto para los padres como para los profesores. LECCIONES APRENDIDAS: Los padres inmigrantes encuentran obstáculos similares en cualquier parte del mundo a la hora de acceder a los programas de vacunación infantil, aunque la única barrera que identificaron los padres de Myanmar fue la del «miedo a ser arrestado». La subsiguiente estrategia centralizada en los colegios parece resultar efectiva a la hora de superar estos obstáculos.

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          Most cited references13

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          World development report, 1993: investing in health

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            Migration, community context, and child immunization in Ethiopia.

            This paper examines the relationship between parental migration status and child immunization in Southern Ethiopia, a region characterized by high mortality and morbidity. Using the 1997 Community and Family Survey and a multilevel modeling approach, we find that children born to rural-rural migrant mothers have significantly less chance of receiving full immunization coverage than children born to non-migrant mothers. The social mechanism that explains this huge disparity is that rural-rural migrant women have limited social networks in the host community. In addition, significant variation in receiving complete immunization is found by age of child (a likely period effect), mother's education, and distance to nearest health center. Marked child immunization differentials are also observed by ethnicity. The results from the multilevel analysis confirm the persistence of substantial community effects, even after controlling for a standard array of personal and household characteristics. Given the low levels of vaccination among children born to migrant women, health policy interventions and information campaigns might be effectively augmented to reach such migrant women and their children. Community and ethnic group effects suggest that further targeting of health activities could be efficient and effective.
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              World Development Report 2009: reshaping economic geography

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                July 2011
                : 89
                : 7
                : 528-531
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Mahidol University Thailand
                [2 ] University of Oxford United Kingdom
                [3 ] Churchill Hospital England
                Article
                S0042-96862011000700013
                10.2471/BLT.10.084244
                3127266
                21734767
                b8839b87-e20b-4e39-8976-ded24150c119

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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