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      Raça, cor e etnia em estudos epidemiológicos sobre populações brasileiras: revisão sistemática na base PubMed Translated title: Race, color and ethnicity in epidemiologic studies carried out with Brazilian populations: systematic review on the PubMed database

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          Abstract

          O objetivo foi analisar o uso das variáveis raça, cor e etnia em estudos epidemiológicos sobre populações brasileiras. Trata-se de revisão sistemática, conduzida na base PubMed,entre janeiro de 2000 e julho de 2010. Para o conjunto dos trabalhos revisados, aplicou-se ficha com questões sobre seus objetivos e a relevância da classificação étnico-racial em suas análises, características sócio-demográficas e aspectos da identificação étnico-racial das populações investigadas, bem como o seguimento de recomendações quanto ao uso das classificações de raça, cor e etnia. Dos 1.174 artigos identificados, 151 foram elegíveis para a revisão. Maiores proporções de cada um dos seguintes aspectos foram observadas nos artigos em que a identificação étnico-racial ocupou papel central em suas análises - destes, 18% justificaram o emprego das categorias; 16% consideraram a classificação étnico-racial como fluida e relativa ao contexto da produção dos dados; 65% descreveram o método da classificação étnico-racial; 17% entenderam esta classificação como medida de variabilidade genética; 26% interpretaram a variável como fator de risco para o desfecho em questão; 47% consideraram fatores socioeconômicos na interpretação das desigualdades étnico-raciais; e 27% incluíram tais fatores no ajuste de modelos estatísticos. Apenas dois estudos explicitaram o conceito, que embasou o uso da variável étnico-racial. Uma proporção expressiva dos estudos epidemiológicos analisados não segue os critérios mínimos que vêm sendo sugeridos quanto ao uso de variáveis relacionadas à classificação étnico-racial, de modo que este aspecto deve ser aperfeiçoado nas pesquisas em Saúde Coletiva.

          Translated abstract

          This paper aims to analyze the use of the variables race, color and ethnicity in epidemiologic studies, carried out with Brazilian populations. This is a systematic review, conducted in the PubMed bibliographic database, on papers published between January 2000 and July 2010. A data extraction form was used to obtain data from all individual studies, such as their objectives, the relevance of the racial/ethnic classification in their analyses, participants' socio-demographic characteristics, including aspects related to the methods of racial classification, as well as the adherence to a set of recommendations on the use of race, color and ethnicity in biomedical publications. After initially identifying 1,174 references, 151 were included in the review. Higher proportions of each of the following results were observed among papers in which the racial/ethnic classification was central to their analyses - of these, 18% justified the use of racial/ethnic categories; 16% regarded racial/ethnic classifications as context-dependent and fluid; 65% described the methods adopted for racial/ethnic classification; 17% took the racial/ethnic classification as a proxy for genetic variation; 26% considered such classification as a risk factor for health outcomes; 47% considered socio-economic factors in the interpretation of racial/ethnic inequalities in health; and 27% adjusted these racial/ethnic disparities for socio-economic factors in their statistical models. Only two studies elucidated the concept underlying the use of race, color or ethnicity. An expressive amount of the reviewed epidemiologic studies does not follow minimum established criteria on the use of variables regarding racial/ethnic classification, such that this should be urgently improved in public health research.

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          Critical Race Theory, race equity, and public health: toward antiracism praxis.

          Racial scholars argue that racism produces rates of morbidity, mortality, and overall well-being that vary depending on socially assigned race. Eliminating racism is therefore central to achieving health equity, but this requires new paradigms that are responsive to structural racism's contemporary influence on health, health inequities, and research. Critical Race Theory is an emerging transdisciplinary, race-equity methodology that originated in legal studies and is grounded in social justice. Critical Race Theory's tools for conducting research and practice are intended to elucidate contemporary racial phenomena, expand the vocabulary with which to discuss complex racial concepts, and challenge racial hierarchies. We introduce Critical Race Theory to the public health community, highlight key Critical Race Theory characteristics (race consciousness, emphases on contemporary societal dynamics and socially marginalized groups, and praxis between research and practice) and describe Critical Race Theory's contribution to a study on racism and HIV testing among African Americans.
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            Use of race and ethnicity in biomedical publication.

            Researchers, clinicians, and policy makers face 3 challenges in writing about race and ethnicity: accounting for the limitations of race/ethnicity data; distinguishing between race/ethnicity as a risk factor or as a risk marker; and finding a way to write about race/ethnicity that does not stigmatize and does not imply a we/they dichotomy between health professionals and populations of color. Journals play an important role in setting standards for research and policy literature. The authors outline guidelines that might be used when race and ethnicity are addressed in biomedical publications.
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              The use of racial, ethnic, and ancestral categories in human genetics research.

              (2005)
              The global dispersal of anatomically modern humans over the past 100,000 years has produced patterns of phenotypic variation that have exerted--and continue to exert--powerful influences on the lives of individuals and the experiences of groups. The recency of our common ancestry and continued gene flow among populations have resulted in less genetic differentiation among geographically distributed human populations than is observed in many other mammalian species. Nevertheless, differences in appearance have contributed to the development of ideas about "race" and "ethnicity" that often include the belief that significant inherited differences distinguish humans. The use of racial, ethnic, and ancestral categories in genetics research can imply that group differences arise directly through differing allele frequencies, with little influence from socially mediated mechanisms. At the same time, careful investigations of the biological, environmental, social, and psychological attributes associated with these categories will be an essential component of cross-disciplinary research into the origins, prevention, and treatment of common diseases, including those diseases that differ in prevalence among groups.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                physis
                Physis: Revista de Saúde Coletiva
                Physis
                IMS-UERJ
                1809-4481
                2012
                : 22
                : 3
                : 895-918
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
                [2 ] Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro
                Article
                S0103-73312012000300004
                b883d230-47e7-499f-aee0-eabf2348b23d

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-7331&lng=en

                race and health,ethical and race relations,epidemiological measures,raça e saúde,relações étnico-raciais,medidas em epidemiologia

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