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      Agronomical and breeding approaches to improve the nutritional status of forage crops for better livestock productivity

      1 , 2 , 2 , 3
      Grass and Forage Science
      Wiley

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          Diversity and productivity in a long-term grassland experiment.

          Plant diversity and niche complementarity had progressively stronger effects on ecosystem functioning during a 7-year experiment, with 16-species plots attaining 2.7 times greater biomass than monocultures. Diversity effects were neither transients nor explained solely by a few productive or unviable species. Rather, many higher-diversity plots outperformed the best monoculture. These results help resolve debate over biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, show effects at higher than expected diversity levels, and demonstrate, for these ecosystems, that even the best-chosen monocultures cannot achieve greater productivity or carbon stores than higher-diversity sites.
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            Marker-assisted selection: an approach for precision plant breeding in the twenty-first century.

            DNA markers have enormous potential to improve the efficiency and precision of conventional plant breeding via marker-assisted selection (MAS). The large number of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) mapping studies for diverse crops species have provided an abundance of DNA marker-trait associations. In this review, we present an overview of the advantages of MAS and its most widely used applications in plant breeding, providing examples from cereal crops. We also consider reasons why MAS has had only a small impact on plant breeding so far and suggest ways in which the potential of MAS can be realized. Finally, we discuss reasons why the greater adoption of MAS in the future is inevitable, although the extent of its use will depend on available resources, especially for orphan crops, and may be delayed in less-developed countries. Achieving a substantial impact on crop improvement by MAS represents the great challenge for agricultural scientists in the next few decades.
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              CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing and Precision Plant Breeding in Agriculture

              Enhanced agricultural production through innovative breeding technology is urgently needed to increase access to nutritious foods worldwide. Recent advances in CRISPR/Cas genome editing enable efficient targeted modification in most crops, thus promising to accelerate crop improvement. Here, we review advances in CRISPR/Cas9 and its variants and examine their applications in plant genome editing and related manipulations. We highlight base-editing tools that enable targeted nucleotide substitutions and describe the various delivery systems, particularly DNA-free methods, that have linked genome editing with crop breeding. We summarize the applications of genome editing for trait improvement, development of techniques for fine-tuning gene regulation, strategies for breeding virus resistance, and the use of high-throughput mutant libraries. We outline future perspectives for genome editing in plant synthetic biology and domestication, advances in delivery systems, editing specificity, homology-directed repair, and gene drives. Finally, we discuss the challenges and opportunities for precision plant breeding and its bright future in agriculture.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
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                Journal
                Grass and Forage Science
                Grass and Forage Science
                Wiley
                0142-5242
                1365-2494
                March 2022
                January 18 2022
                March 2022
                : 77
                : 1
                : 11-32
                Affiliations
                [1 ]AICRP on Forage Crops and Utilization Indian Council of Agricultural Research‐Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (ICAR‐IGFRI) Jhansi India
                [2 ]Division of Crop Improvement Indian Council of Agricultural Research‐Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (ICAR‐IGFRI) Jhansi India
                [3 ]Division of Crop Production Indian Council of Agricultural Research‐Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute (ICAR‐IGFRI) Jhansi India
                Article
                10.1111/gfs.12557
                b8a4c1ba-a94a-471d-ba6f-d58309ce1465
                © 2022

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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