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      Immune responses in liver and spleen against Plasmodium yoelii pre-erythrocytic stages in Swiss mice model

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          Abstract

          Though the immunity to malaria has been associated with cellular immune responses, the exact function of the phenotypic cell population is still unclear. This study investigated the host immune responses elicited during the pre-erythrocytic stage, post- Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite infection in Swiss mice model. For this purpose, we analyzed the dynamics of different subsets of immune cells population and cytokine levels in the hepatic mononuclear and splenic cells population during pre-erythrocytic liver-stage infection. We observed a significant reduction in the effectors immune cells population including CD8 + T cell, F4/80 + macrophage and in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (CD11c + B220 +). Interestingly, substantial down-regulation was also noted in pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-2, IL-17 and iNOS), while, up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL-10, IL-4 and TGF-β) during asymptomatic pre-erythrocytic liver-stage infection. Collectively, this study demonstrated that during pre-erythrocytic development, Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite impaired the host activators of innate and adaptive immune responses by regulating the immune effector cells, gene expression and cytokines levels for the establishment of infection and subsequent development in the liver and spleen. The results in this study provided a better understanding of the events leading to malarial infection and will be helpful in supportive treatment and vaccine development strategy.

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          Most cited references40

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          Challenges and Opportunities for Consistent Classification of Human B Cell and Plasma Cell Populations

          The increasingly recognized role of different types of B cells and plasma cells in protective and pathogenic immune responses combined with technological advances have generated a plethora of information regarding the heterogeneity of this human immune compartment. Unfortunately, the lack of a consistent classification of human B cells also creates significant imprecision on the adjudication of different phenotypes to well-defined populations. Additional confusion in the field stems from: the use of non-discriminatory, overlapping markers to define some populations, the extrapolation of mouse concepts to humans, and the assignation of functional significance to populations often defined by insufficient surface markers. In this review, we shall discuss the current understanding of human B cell heterogeneity and define major parental populations and associated subsets while discussing their functional significance. We shall also identify current challenges and opportunities. It stands to reason that a unified approach will not only permit comparison of separate studies but also improve our ability to define deviations from normative values and to create a clean framework for the identification, functional significance, and disease association with new populations.
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            Oxidative Stress in Malaria

            Malaria is a significant public health problem in more than 100 countries and causes an estimated 200 million new infections every year. Despite the significant effort to eradicate this dangerous disease, lack of complete knowledge of its physiopathology compromises the success in this enterprise. In this paper we review oxidative stress mechanisms involved in the disease and discuss the potential benefits of antioxidant supplementation as an adjuvant antimalarial strategy.
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              The complexity of protective immunity against liver-stage malaria.

              Sterile protective immunity against challenge with Plasmodium spp. sporozoites can be induced in multiple model systems and humans by immunization with radiation-attenuated Plasmodium spp. sporozoites. The infected hepatocyte has been established as the primary target of this protection, but the underlying mechanisms have not been completely defined. Abs, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, cytokines (including IFN-gamma and IL-12), and NO have all been implicated as critical effectors. Here, we have investigated the mechanisms of protective immunity induced by immunization with different vaccine delivery systems (irradiated sporozoites, plasmid DNA, synthetic peptide/adjuvant, and multiple Ag peptide) in genetically distinct inbred strains, genetically modified mice, and outbred mice. We establish that there is a marked diversity of T cell-dependent immune responses that mediate sterile protective immunity against liver-stage malaria. Furthermore, we demonstrate that distinct mechanisms of protection are induced in different strains of inbred mice by a single method of immunization, and in the same strain by different methods of immunization. These data underscore the complexity of the murine host response to a parasitic infection and suggest that an outbred human population may behave similarly. Data nevertheless suggest that a pre-erythrocytic-stage vaccine should be designed to induce CD8+ T cell- and IFN-gamma-mediated immune responses and that IFN-gamma responses may represent an in vitro correlate of pre-erythrocytic-stage protective immunity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Adv Res
                J Adv Res
                Journal of Advanced Research
                Elsevier
                2090-1232
                2090-1224
                26 February 2020
                July 2020
                26 February 2020
                : 24
                : 29-41
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biology, College of Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il, Saudi Arabia
                [b ]Division of Parasitology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
                [c ]Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
                [d ]Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Vermont, VT, United States
                [e ]Bapalal Vaidya Botanical Research Centre, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat, India
                [f ]Surgery Department, Division of Biomedical Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, United States
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hail, Hail 2440, Saudi Arabia. arifjamal13@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S2090-1232(20)30040-0
                10.1016/j.jare.2020.02.016
                7063113
                33133681
                b8c44799-772e-4c8b-857c-4fa9060d4d7a
                © 2020 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Cairo University.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 December 2019
                : 8 February 2020
                : 25 February 2020
                Categories
                Article

                plasmodium yoelii,swiss mice,pre-erythrocytic stage,immune responses,splenic cells,t cells

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