For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
49
views
205
references
 Top references
cited by
32
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      110
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Modified Low Density Lipoprotein and Lipoprotein-Containing Circulating Immune Complexes as Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers of Atherosclerosis and Type 1 Diabetes Macrovascular Disease

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          In atherosclerosis; blood low-density lipoproteins (LDL) are subjected to multiple enzymatic and non-enzymatic modifications that increase their atherogenicity and induce immunogenicity. Modified LDL are capable of inducing vascular inflammation through activation of innate immunity; thus, contributing to the progression of atherogenesis. The immunogenicity of modified LDL results in induction of self-antibodies specific to a certain type of modified LDL. The antibodies react with modified LDL forming circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complexes exhibit prominent immunomodulatory properties that influence atherosclerotic inflammation. Compared to freely circulating modified LDL; modified LDL associated with the immune complexes have a more robust atherogenic and proinflammatory potential. Various lipid components of the immune complexes may serve not only as diagnostic but also as essential predictive markers of cardiovascular events in atherosclerosis. Accumulating evidence indicates that LDL-containing immune complexes can also serve as biomarker for macrovascular disease in type 1 diabetes.

          Related collections

          Most cited references205

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Sphingosine-1-phosphate: an enigmatic signalling lipid.

          Sarah Spiegel, Sheldon Milstien (2003)
          The evolutionarily conserved actions of the sphingolipid metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), in yeast, plants and mammals have shown that it has important functions. In higher eukaryotes, S1P is the ligand for a family of five G-protein-coupled receptors. These S1P receptors are differentially expressed, coupled to various G proteins, and regulate angiogenesis, vascular maturation, cardiac development and immunity, and are important for directed cell movement.
          Article 0 comments Cited 422 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: not found
            • Article: not found

            Beyond cholesterol. Modifications of low-density lipoprotein that increase its atherogenicity.

            D. Steinberg, S. Parthasarathy, T E Carew … (1989)
            Article 0 comments Cited 384 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Protein carbamylation links inflammation, smoking, uremia and atherogenesis.

              Outi Kummu, Zeneng Wang, Stanley Hazen … (2007)
              Post-translational modification and functional impairment of proteins through carbamylation is thought to promote vascular dysfunction during end-stage renal disease. Cyanate, a reactive species in equilibrium with urea, carbamylates protein lysine residues to form epsilon-carbamyllysine (homocitrulline), altering protein structure and function. We now report the discovery of an alternative and quantitatively dominant mechanism for cyanate formation and protein carbamylation at sites of inflammation and atherosclerotic plaque: myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of thiocyanate, an anion abundant in blood whose levels are elevated in smokers. We also show that myeloperoxidase-catalyzed lipoprotein carbamylation facilitates multiple pro-atherosclerotic activities, including conversion of low-density lipoprotein into a ligand for macrophage scavenger receptor A1 recognition, cholesterol accumulation and foam-cell formation. In two separate clinical studies (combined n = 1,000 subjects), plasma levels of protein-bound homocitrulline independently predicted increased risk of coronary artery disease, future myocardial infarction, stroke and death. We propose that protein carbamylation is a mechanism linking inflammation, smoking, uremia and coronary artery disease pathogenesis.
              Article 0 comments Cited 163 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Mol Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijms
                Title: International Journal of Molecular Sciences
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1422-0067
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 July 2014
                Publication date Collection: July 2014
                Volume: 15
                Issue: 7
                Pages: 12807-12841
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow 125315, Russia; E-Mails: a.h.opexob@ 123456gmail.com (A.N.O.); igor.sobenin@ 123456gmail.com (I.A.S.); zavod@ 123456ifarm.ru (A.A.M.)
                [2 ]Institute for Atherosclerosis Research, Skolkovo Innovative Center, Moscow 143025, Russia
                [3 ]Faculty of Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
                [4 ]School of Medicine, University of Western Sydney, Campbelltown, Sydney, NSW 2560, Australia
                [5 ]Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Russian Cardiology Research and Production Complex, Moscow 121552, Russia
                [6 ]Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian State Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia; E-Mail: dimitry.chistiakov@ 123456lycos.com
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: y.bobryshev@ 123456unsw.edu.au ; Tel./Fax: +61-2-9385-1217.
                Article
                Publisher ID: ijms-15-12807
                DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712807
                PMC ID: 4139876
                PubMed ID: 25050779
                SO-VID: b8c5205a-c2f6-484c-8c1f-016525454825
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 11 May 2014
                Date revision received : 29 June 2014
                Date accepted : 03 July 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: atherosclerosis,atherogenesis,immune complexes,low-density lipoproteins,inflammation
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Molecular biology
                Keywords: atherosclerosis, atherogenesis, immune complexes, low-density lipoproteins, inflammation

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content110

                See all similar

                Cited by32

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors2,293

                See all reference authors