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      Melatonin protects uterus and oviduct exposed to nicotine in mice

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          Abstract

          Smoking is associated with higher infertility risk. The aim of this study was to evaluate protective effects of melatonin on the uterus and oviduct in mice exposed to nicotine. Adult female mice (n=32) were divided into four groups. Group A: control animals received normal saline, Group B: injected with nicotine 40µg/kg, Group C: injected with melatonin 10 µg, Group D: injected with nicotine 40µg/kg and melatonin 10 µg. All animals were treated over 15 days intraperitoneally. On the 16th day, animals in the estrus phase were dissected and their uterus and oviducts were removed. Immunohistochemistry was recruited for studying apoptosis and for detection of estrogen receptor (ER) alpha in luminal epithelium of the uterus and oviduct. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used for serum estradiol level determination. Nicotine in group B decreased estradiol level and ERalpha numbers both in the uterus and oviduct ( p<0.05). Co-administration of melatonin-nicotine in Group D ameliorated the histology of the uterus and oviduct, increased ERalpha numbers and reduced apoptosis in the uterus and oviduct compared with the nicotine Group B ( p<0.05). This study indicates that nicotine impairs the histology of the uterus and oviduct and co-administration of melatonin-nicotine ameliorates these findings, partly through alteration in ERalpha numbers and reduction of apoptosis.

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          Estrogen receptors: how do they signal and what are their targets.

          Nina Heldring, Ashley D Pike, Sandra Andersson … (2007)
          During the past decade there has been a substantial advance in our understanding of estrogen signaling both from a clinical as well as a preclinical perspective. Estrogen signaling is a balance between two opposing forces in the form of two distinct receptors (ER alpha and ER beta) and their splice variants. The prospect that these two pathways can be selectively stimulated or inhibited with subtype-selective drugs constitutes new and promising therapeutic opportunities in clinical areas as diverse as hormone replacement, autoimmune diseases, prostate and breast cancer, and depression. Molecular biological, biochemical, and structural studies have generated information which is invaluable for the development of more selective and effective ER ligands. We have also become aware that ERs do not function by themselves but require a number of coregulatory proteins whose cell-specific expression explains some of the distinct cellular actions of estrogen. Estrogen is an important morphogen, and many of its proliferative effects on the epithelial compartment of glands are mediated by growth factors secreted from the stromal compartment. Thus understanding the cross-talk between growth factor and estrogen signaling is essential for understanding both normal and malignant growth. In this review we focus on several of the interesting recent discoveries concerning estrogen receptors, on estrogen as a morphogen, and on the molecular mechanisms of anti-estrogen signaling.
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            Effects of cigarette smoking on reproduction.

            C Dechanet, T Anahory, J C Mathieu Daude … (2015)
            BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is associated with lower fecundity rates, adverse reproductive outcomes and a higher risk of IVF failures. Over the last few decades, prevalence of smoking among women of reproductive age has increased. This review focuses on current knowledge of the potential effects of smoke toxicants on all reproductive stages and the consequences of smoke exposure on reproductive functions. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the scientific literature on the impact of cigarette smoking and smoke constituents on the different stages of reproductive function, including epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies. We attempted to create hypotheses and find explanations for the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke observed in experimental studies. RESULTS Cigarette smoke contains several thousand components (e.g. nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and cadmium) with diverse effects. Each stage of reproductive function, folliculogenesis, steroidogenesis, embryo transport, endometrial receptivity, endometrial angiogenesis, uterine blood flow and uterine myometrium is a target for cigarette smoke components. The effects of cigarette smoke are dose-dependent and are influenced by the presence of other toxic substances and hormonal status. Individual sensitivity, dose, time and type of exposure also play a role in the impact of smoke constituents on human fertility. CONCLUSIONS All stages of reproductive functions are targets of cigarette smoke toxicants. Further studies are necessary to better understand the deleterious effects of cigarette smoke compounds on the reproductive system in order to improve health care, help to reduce cigarette smoking and provide a better knowledge of the molecular mechanisms involved in reproductive toxicology.
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              Direct action of melatonin in human granulosa-luteal cells.

              P Nathwani, Manjit S. Kang, Jia Woo … (2001)
              The direct involvement of melatonin in modulation of ovarian steroidogenesis, the high levels of melatonin found in human follicular fluid, and the presence of melatonin binding sites in the ovary led us to hypothesize that melatonin acts as a modulator of ovarian function. In contrast to the hypothalamus and pituitary, the mechanism of melatonin action at the level of the ovary is still poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the gene expression of the two different forms of melatonin receptors in human granulosa-luteal cells, using RT-PCR. PCR products corresponding to the expected sizes of the melatonin receptor subtypes, mt(1)-R and MT(2)-R, were obtained from granulosa-luteal cells, and the authenticity of the PCR products was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization with cDNA probes. Subsequent cloning and sequence analysis revealed that the ovarian mt(1)-R and MT(2)-R cDNAs are identical to their brain counterparts. Because gonadotropins and GnRH acting through specific receptors in the human ovary regulate cellular functions, we investigated the role of melatonin in the regulation of FSH receptor, LH receptor, GnRH, and GnRH receptor levels. Treatment with melatonin (10 pM-100 nM) significantly increased LH receptor mRNA levels without altering the expression of the FSH receptor gene. Both GnRH and GnRH receptor mRNA levels were significantly decreased, to 61% and 45% of control levels, respectively, after melatonin treatment. Melatonin treatment alone had no effect on basal progesterone production but enhanced the effects of human CG-stimulated progesterone production. Because MAPKs are activated in response to a diverse array of extracellular stimuli leading to the regulation of cell growth, division, and differentiation, and because melatonin has been shown to modulate cellular proliferation and differentiation, in this study, we demonstrated that melatonin activated MAPK in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In summary, our studies demonstrate, for the first time, that melatonin can regulate progesterone production, LH receptor, GnRH, and GnRH receptor gene expression through melatonin receptors in human granulosa-luteal cells, which may be mediated via the MAPK pathway and activation of Elk-1. Our results support the notion that melatonin plays a direct role in regulating ovarian function.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Interdiscip Toxicol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Interdiscip Toxicol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ITX
                Title: Interdisciplinary Toxicology
                Publisher: Slovak Toxicology Society SETOX
                ISSN (Print): 1337-6853
                ISSN (Electronic): 1337-9569
                Publication date (Print): March 2014
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 July 2014
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 41-46
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Student Research Committee Office, Guilan University of Medical, Sciences, Rasht, Iran
                [2 ]Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
                [3 ]Faculty of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
                Author notes
                Correspondence address: Dr. Fahimeh Mohammadghasemi, Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Rasht-Tehran Road, Rasht-Iran. TEL.: +98-9125153436. E-MAIL: parsahistolab@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                Publisher ID: ITX-7-041
                DOI: 10.2478/intox-2014-0007
                PMC ID: 4427714
                PubMed ID: 26038675
                SO-VID: b8d1449c-397b-4522-b377-173d1545d953
                Copyright © Copyright © 2014 SETOX & Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, SASc.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 December 2013
                Date revision received : 25 March 2014
                Date accepted : 28 March 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Toxicology
                Keywords: nicotine,melatonin,uterus,oviduct,estrogen receptor
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Toxicology
                Keywords: nicotine, melatonin, uterus, oviduct, estrogen receptor

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