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Abstract
The 'social brain hypothesis,' the relationship between social behavior and brain
size, does not apply to insects. In social insects, especially those of the Order
Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), sociality has not always increased individual
behavioral repertoires and is associated with only subtle variation in the size of
a higher brain center, the mushroom bodies. Rather than sociality, selection for novel
visual behavior, perhaps spatial learning, has led to the acquisition of novel visual
inputs and profound increases in mushroom body size. This occurred in nonsocial ancestors
suggesting that the sensory and cognitive advantages of large mushroom bodies may
be preadaptations to sociality. Adaptations of the insect mushroom bodies are more
reliably associated with sensory ecology than social behavior.