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      Hepatoprotective effects of kaempferol 3- O-rutinoside and kaempferol 3- O-glucoside from Carthamus tinctorius L. on CCl 4-induced oxidative liver injury in mice

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      , , * ,
      Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
      Taiwan Food and Drug Administration
      Carthamus tinctorius L., carbon tetrachloride, hepatoprotective effects, kaempferol glycosides

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          Abstract

          Safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) is a traditional medicinal and edible herb with a long history of use in China. In this study, a model of hepatotoxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) in mice was used to investigate the hepatoprotective effects of kaempferol 3- O-rutinoside (K-3-R) and kaempferol 3- O-glucoside (K-3-G), two kaempferol glycosides isolated from C. tinctorius L. K-3-R and K-3-G, at doses of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, were given orally to male mice once/d for 7 days before they received CCl 4 intraperitoneally. Our results showed that K-3-R and K-3-G treatment increased the level of total protein (TP) and prevented the CCl 4-induced increases in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Additionally, mice treated with K-3-R and K-3-G had significantly restored glutathione (GSH) levels and showed normal catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, compared to CCl 4-treated mice. K-3-R and K-3-G also mitigated the CCl 4-induced liver histological alteration, as indicated by histopathological evaluation. These findings demonstrate that K-3-R and K-3-G have protective effects against acute CCl 4-induced oxidative liver damage.

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          Most cited references28

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          Free radicals, metals and antioxidants in oxidative stress-induced cancer.

          Oxygen-free radicals, more generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) along with reactive nitrogen species (RNS) are well recognised for playing a dual role as both deleterious and beneficial species. The "two-faced" character of ROS is substantiated by growing body of evidence that ROS within cells act as secondary messengers in intracellular signalling cascades, which induce and maintain the oncogenic phenotype of cancer cells, however, ROS can also induce cellular senescence and apoptosis and can therefore function as anti-tumourigenic species. The cumulative production of ROS/RNS through either endogenous or exogenous insults is termed oxidative stress and is common for many types of cancer cell that are linked with altered redox regulation of cellular signalling pathways. Oxidative stress induces a cellular redox imbalance which has been found to be present in various cancer cells compared with normal cells; the redox imbalance thus may be related to oncogenic stimulation. DNA mutation is a critical step in carcinogenesis and elevated levels of oxidative DNA lesions (8-OH-G) have been noted in various tumours, strongly implicating such damage in the etiology of cancer. It appears that the DNA damage is predominantly linked with the initiation process. This review examines the evidence for involvement of the oxidative stress in the carcinogenesis process. Attention is focused on structural, chemical and biochemical aspects of free radicals, the endogenous and exogenous sources of their generation, the metal (iron, copper, chromium, cobalt, vanadium, cadmium, arsenic, nickel)-mediated formation of free radicals (e.g. Fenton chemistry), the DNA damage (both mitochondrial and nuclear), the damage to lipids and proteins by free radicals, the phenomenon of oxidative stress, cancer and the redox environment of a cell, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis and the role of signalling cascades by ROS; in particular, ROS activation of AP-1 (activator protein) and NF-kappaB (nuclear factor kappa B) signal transduction pathways, which in turn lead to the transcription of genes involved in cell growth regulatory pathways. The role of enzymatic (superoxide dismutase (Cu, Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (Vitamin C, Vitamin E, carotenoids, thiol antioxidants (glutathione, thioredoxin and lipoic acid), flavonoids, selenium and others) in the process of carcinogenesis as well as the antioxidant interactions with various regulatory factors, including Ref-1, NF-kappaB, AP-1 are also reviewed.
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            Diversity of structures and properties among catalases.

            More than 300 catalase sequences are now available, divided among monofunctional catalases (> 225), bifunctional catalase-peroxidases (> 50) and manganese-containing catalases (> 25). When combined with the recent appearance of crystal structures from at least two representatives from each of these groups (nine from the monofunctional catalases), valuable insights into the catalatic reaction mechanism in its various forms and into catalase evolution have been gained. The structures have revealed an unusually large number of modifications unique to catalases, a result of interacting with reactive oxygen species. Biochemical and physiological characterization of catalases from many different organisms has revealed a surprisingly wide range of catalatic efficiencies, despite similar sequences. Catalase gene expression in micro-organisms generally is controlled either by sensors of reactive oxygen species or by growth phase regulons, although the detailed mechanisms vary considerably.
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              Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection.

              Worldwide, hepatitis B virus (HBV) accounts for an estimated 370 million chronic infections, hepatitis C virus (HCV) for an estimated 130 million, and HIV for an estimated 40 million. In HIV-infected persons, an estimated 2-4 million have chronic HBV co-infection and 4-5 million have HCV co-infection. HBV, HCV and HIV share common routes of transmission, but they differ in their prevalence by geographic region and the efficiency by which certain types of exposures transmit them. Among HIV-positive persons studied from Western Europe and the USA, chronic HBV infection has been found in 6-14% overall, including 4-6% of heterosexuals, 9-17% of men who have sex with men (MSM), and 7-10% of injection drug users. HCV infection has been found in 25-30% of HIV-positive persons overall; 72-95% of injection drug users, 1-12% of MSM and 9-27% of heterosexuals. The characteristics of HIV infected persons differ according to the co-infecting hepatitis virus, their epidemiologic patterns may change over time, and surveillance systems are needed to monitor their infection patterns in order to ensure that prevention measures are targeted appropriately.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Food Drug Anal
                J Food Drug Anal
                Journal of Food and Drug Analysis
                Taiwan Food and Drug Administration
                1021-9498
                2224-6614
                2015
                03 December 2014
                : 23
                : 2
                : 310-317
                Affiliations
                Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacognosy, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17 of Renmin Road South, Chengdu 610041, China. Tel.: +86 028 85501545; fax: +86 028 85503037. E-mail address: zhanghhx@ 123456vip.sina.com (H. Zhang).
                Article
                jfda-23-02-310
                10.1016/j.jfda.2014.10.002
                9351762
                28911387
                b927f598-894c-453b-8980-c9fe2fb1af50
                © 2015 Taiwan Food and Drug Administration

                This is an open access article under the CC-BY-NC-ND license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                : 11 July 2014
                : 23 October 2014
                : 23 October 2014
                Funding
                Funded by: Research Foundation for the Sichuan Science and Technology Support Programme of China
                Award ID: 2011NZ0098-12-01
                This research was supported by the Research Foundation for the Sichuan Science and Technology Support Programme of China (2011NZ0098-12-01).
                Categories
                Original Article

                carthamus tinctorius l.,carbon tetrachloride,hepatoprotective effects,kaempferol glycosides

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