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      Cancer drug delivery in the nano era: An overview and perspectives

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          Abstract

          Nanomaterials are increasingly used as drug carriers for cancer therapy. Nanomaterials also appeal to researchers in the areas of cancer diagnosis and biomarker discovery. Several antitumor nanodrugs are currently being tested in preclinical and clinical trials and show promise in therapeutic and other settings. We review the development of nanomaterial drug carriers, including liposomes, polymer nanoparticles, dendritic polymers, and nanomicelles, for the diagnosis and treatment of various cancers. The prospects of nanomaterials as drug carriers for future clinical applications are also discussed.

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          Photodynamic therapy and anti-tumour immunity.

          Ana Castano, Pawel Mroz, Michael Hamblin (2006)
          Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses non-toxic photosensitizers and harmless visible light in combination with oxygen to produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species that kill malignant cells by apoptosis and/or necrosis, shut down the tumour microvasculature and stimulate the host immune system. In contrast to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy that are mostly immunosuppressive, PDT causes acute inflammation, expression of heat-shock proteins, invasion and infiltration of the tumour by leukocytes, and might increase the presentation of tumour-derived antigens to T cells.
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            New Developments in Liposomal Drug Delivery.

            Bhushan S Pattni, Vladimir Chupin, Vladimir P. Torchilin (2015)
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              Stealth liposomes: review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications, existing and potential

              Maria Laura Immordino, Franco Dosio, Luigi Cattel (2006)
              Among several promising new drug-delivery systems, liposomes represent an advanced technology to deliver active molecules to the site of action, and at present several formulations are in clinical use. Research on liposome technology has progressed from conventional vesicles (“first-generation liposomes”) to “second-generation liposomes”, in which long-circulating liposomes are obtained by modulating the lipid composition, size, and charge of the vesicle. Liposomes with modified surfaces have also been developed using several molecules, such as glycolipids or sialic acid. A significant step in the development of long-circulating liposomes came with inclusion of the synthetic polymer poly-(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in liposome composition. The presence of PEG on the surface of the liposomal carrier has been shown to extend blood-circulation time while reducing mononuclear phagocyte system uptake (stealth liposomes). This technology has resulted in a large number of liposome formulations encapsulating active molecules, with high target efficiency and activity. Further, by synthetic modification of the terminal PEG molecule, stealth liposomes can be actively targeted with monoclonal antibodies or ligands. This review focuses on stealth technology and summarizes pre-clinical and clinical data relating to the principal liposome formulations; it also discusses emerging trends of this promising technology.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Oncol Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Oncol. Rep
                Title: Oncology Reports
                Publisher: D.A. Spandidos
                ISSN (Print): 1021-335X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1791-2431
                Publication date (Print): August 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 14 June 2017
                Publication date PMC-release: 14 June 2017
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 611-624
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
                [2 ]Kunming Digestive Disease Treatment Engineering Technology Center, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
                [3 ]College of Agricultural Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
                [4 ]Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
                Author notes
                Correspondence to: Dr Qiang Shen, Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Houston, TX 77030, USA, E-mail: qshen@ 123456mdanderson.org
                Dr Kunhua Wang, Department of Gastrointestinal and Hernia Surgery, Institute of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China, E-mail: wkh1963@ 123456yeah.net
                Article
                Publisher ID: or-38-02-0611
                DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5718
                PMC ID: 5562049
                PubMed ID: 28627697
                SO-VID: b92d8cf2-c6b7-4ab8-bac2-1b9f88b844e9
                Copyright © Copyright: © Li et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non-commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

                History
                Date received : 02 December 2016
                Date accepted : 29 May 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: nanoparticles,drug carriers,cancer treatment,delivery system,clinical trials
                Data availability:
                Keywords: nanoparticles, drug carriers, cancer treatment, delivery system, clinical trials

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