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      Características Morfológicas de la Retina del Calderón Común (Globicephala melas; Traill, 1809) y su Relación con el Hábitat Translated title: Morphological Characteristics of Pilot Whales Retina (Globicephala melas; Traill, 1809) and their Relationship to Habitat

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          Abstract

          Existe una estrecha relación entre las características morfológicas de los sistemas sensoriales, su funcionamiento y el hábitat al que están adaptados los organismos. En este sentido, de todos los mamíferos marinos estudiados, los cetáceos son los que más profundamente han modificado su estructura y fisiología ocular por su estrecha adaptación a una vida exclusivamente acuática. Para aportar más datos a la literatura, el objetivo de este trabajo es describir morfológicamente la retina de la ballena piloto a través de técnicas de microscopia óptica, con el fin de relacionarla con su adaptación al medio acuático. Nuestros datos muestran que la retina de Globicephala melas se organiza de acuerdo al mismo plan básico de los vertebrados. Tiene un grosor medio alrededor de 330±23 µm en las zonas de alta densidad de células ganglionares y 175±2 µm en la zona periférica. La capa de los fotorreceptores se corresponde con el 45% del grosor de la retina total. Presenta largos segmentos externos. La capa más característica de cetáceos en general y de Globicephala melas en particular, es la capa de células ganglionares. Su grosor, de 77,76±37,26 siendo la más variable de toda la retina. Esta capa presenta baja densidad celular pero tamaños excepcionalmente grandes, de 10 a 75 µm (promedio de 33,5 µm), denominadas células ganglionares gigantes.

          Translated abstract

          There is a close relationship between morphological features of sensory systems, their function and habitat to which these organisms are adapting. In this sense, of all marine mammals that have been studied, cetaceans are the ones that have profoundly changed structure and ocular physiology in their adaptation to an exclusively aquatic life. To add further data to the literature, the aim of this paper is to describe morphologically the retina of the pilot whale through optical microscopy and relate their adaptation to the aquatic environment. Our data show that the retina of the long-finned pilot whale is organized according to the same basic plan of vertebrates. It has an average thickness of about 330±23 microns in areas of high ganglion cell density of 175±2 microns in the peripheral zone. Photoreceptor layer corresponds to 45% of total thickness of the retina and has long outer segments. The most significant characteristic of cetaceans in general and long-finned pilot whale in particular, is the ganglion cell layer. Thickness of 77.76±37.26 being the most variable of the entire retina. This layer has a low density but exceptionally large cell size of 10 to 75 microns (average of 33.5 microns), known as giant ganglion cells.

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          Most cited references26

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          A quantitative analysis of the cat retinal ganglion cell topography.

          A retinal ganglion cell distribution map has been prepared for the cresyl violet stained cat retina. It differs from previously published maps in revealing the visual streak to be more substantial and in showing a higher peak density of 9-10,000 ganglion cells/mm2 at the presumed visual pole. The map was used to obtain a minimum estimate of the retinal ganglion cell population as 217,000 cells, more than double the total previously reported. The problem of classifying the cells of the ganglion cell layer is discussed in detail and examples of criterion cells illustrated. The paper also includes an account of retinal mensuration (dimensions, area, etc.) and a discussion of the visual streak orientation.
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            The Retina: An Approachable Part of the Brain?

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              Population magnitudes and distribution of the major modal classes of cat retinal ganglion cell as estimated from HRP filling and a systematic survey of the soma diameter spectra for classical neurones.

              Kim Hughes (1981)
              A survey of diameter spectra in presented for classic neurones of the cat retinal ganglion cell layer. From these, with the aid of retrograde HRP filling for central retina, a set of density distribution maps has been prepared for each of the major modes of the neuronal diameter spectrum. The total population of classical neurones, the presumed ganglion cells of Hughes ('75), confirms published values with a minimum of some 207,000 comprised 5,600 cells in the alpha mode, 80,700 cells in the beta mode, and 120,700 cells in the gamma mode. A proportion of classical neurones in the gamma mode do not fill by retrograde transport of HRP from either optic nerve or superior colliculus. Their morphology is characteristic and includes a conspicuous basophilic nuclear bar or fold; they remain subsequent to ganglion cell retrograde degeneration and resemble some profiles of the amacrine layer. It is presumed that they represent a class of displaced amacrine cells. Estimates based on ganglion cell identification by HRP filling indicate populations of about 80,000 cells in both the gamma and the beta modes and a total count of about 170,000 ganglion cells; a good agreement with Hughes and Wässle's ('76) optic nerve fibre count, but lower than the classic neurone count. It is concluded that the distribution maps for ganglion cells in each of the three modes of the soma diameter spectra are similar in form and resemble that of the total neurone density map. The ganglion cell population of the gamma mode in the visual streak is not found to increase in proportion relative to that of the beta mode, as has been reported elsewhere.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ijmorphol
                International Journal of Morphology
                Int. J. Morphol.
                Sociedad Chilena de Anatomía (Temuco )
                0717-9502
                December 2014
                : 32
                : 4
                : 1399-1406
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidad de Alicante España
                Article
                S0717-95022014000400044
                10.4067/S0717-95022014000400044
                b947c4ad-c790-4e00-9a15-bc69e1530c4b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0717-9502&lng=en
                Categories
                ANATOMY & MORPHOLOGY

                Anatomy & Physiology
                Globicephala melas,Cetacean vision,Retina,Visión de cetáceos
                Anatomy & Physiology
                Globicephala melas, Cetacean vision, Retina, Visión de cetáceos

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