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      Liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight and ion trap mass spectrometry for qualitative analysis of herbal medicines

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          Abstract

          With the expansion of herbal medicine (HM) market, the issue on how to apply up-to-date analytical tools on qualitative analysis of HMs to assure their quality, safety and efficacy has been arousing great attention. Due to its inherent characteristics of accurate mass measurements and multiple stages analysis, the integrated strategy of liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) and ion trap mass spectrometry (IT-MS) is well-suited to be performed as qualitative analysis tool in this field. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview on the potential of this integrated strategy, including the review of general features of LC-IT-MS and LC-TOF-MS, the advantages of their combination, the common procedures for structure elucidation, the potential of LC-hybrid-IT-TOF/MS and also the summary and discussion of the applications of the integrated strategy for HM qualitative analysis (2006–2011). The advantages and future developments of LC coupled with IT and TOF-MS are highlighted.

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          Herbal medicine research and global health: an ethical analysis.

          Ted Kaptchuk, Jon C Tilburt (2008)
          Governments, international agencies and corporations are increasingly investing in traditional herbal medicine research. Yet little literature addresses ethical challenges in this research. In this paper, we apply concepts in a comprehensive ethical framework for clinical research to international traditional herbal medicine research. We examine in detail three key, underappreciated dimensions of the ethical framework in which particularly difficult questions arise for international herbal medicine research: social value, scientific validity and favourable risk-benefit ratio. Significant challenges exist in determining shared concepts of social value, scientific validity and favourable risk-benefit ratio across international research collaborations. However, we argue that collaborative partnership, including democratic deliberation, offers the context and process by which many of the ethical challenges in international herbal medicine research can, and should be, resolved. By "cross-training" investigators, and investing in safety-monitoring infrastructure, the issues identified by this comprehensive framework can promote ethically sound international herbal medicine research that contributes to global health.
          Article 0 comments Cited 47 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Proanthocyanidin from blueberry leaves suppresses expression of subgenomic hepatitis C virus RNA.

            Masayuki Sudoh, Ena Akamatsu, Yusuke Ohmori … (2009)
            Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease such as chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. While searching for new natural anti-HCV agents in agricultural products, we found a potent inhibitor of HCV RNA expression in extracts of blueberry leaves when examined in an HCV subgenomic replicon cell culture system. This activity was observed in a methanol extract fraction of blueberry leaves and was purified by repeated fractionations in reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The final purified fraction showed a 63-fold increase in specific activity compared with the initial methanol extracts and was composed only of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Liquid chromatography/mass-ion trap-time of flight analysis and butanol-HCl hydrolysis analysis of the purified fraction revealed that the blueberry leaf-derived inhibitor was proanthocyanidin. Furthermore, structural analysis using acid thiolysis indicated that the mean degree of polymerization of the purified proanthocyanidin was 7.7, consisting predominantly of epicatechin. Proanthocyanidin with a polymerization degree of 8 to 9 showed the greatest potency at inhibiting the expression of subgenomic HCV RNA. Purified proanthocyanidin showed dose-dependent inhibition of expression of the neomycin-resistant gene and the NS-3 protein gene in the HCV subgenome in replicon cells. While characterizing the mechanism by which proanthocyanidin inhibited HCV subgenome expression, we found that heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2/B1 showed affinity to blueberry leaf-derived proanthocyanidin and was indispensable for HCV subgenome expression in replicon cells. These data suggest that proanthocyanidin isolated from blueberry leaves may have potential usefulness as an anti-HCV compound by inhibiting viral replication.
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              General method for extraction of blueberry anthocyanins and identification using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-ion trap-time of flight-mass spectrometry.

              Jeremy Barnes, Hien Nguyen, Sijia Shen … (2009)
              A systematic approach for optimizing the extraction and identification of anthocyanins from blueberries was explored using HPLC-UV and HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS. Sample homogenization effects, extraction solvent selection, type of acid, and amount used in extraction solvent were investigated. A mixture of methanol:water:trifluoroacetic acid (70:30:1, v/v/v) was found to be the best solvent system for blueberry anthocyanin extraction. Differences in total anthocyanin content due to commercial blueberry processing were explored as an application using the optimized extraction technique and HPLC-UV analysis. A methodical system for anthocyanin identification by HPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS without the use of standards was also reviewed and applied. Consideration was given to elution order by chromatographic separation with selective detection at 520nm, high mass accuracy m/z values, tandem MS fragmentation, and previously published literature. Overall, 25 anthocyanins from a wild type highbush blueberry were identified and reported.
              Article 0 comments Cited 38 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yi-Feng Chai
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Pharm Anal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Pharm Anal
                Title: Journal of Pharmaceutical Analysis
                Publisher: Xi'an Jiaotong University
                ISSN (Print): 2095-1779
                ISSN (Electronic): 2214-0883
                Publication date PMC-release: 21 October 2011
                Publication date (Print): November 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 October 2011
                Volume: 1
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 235-245
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
                [b ]Shanghai Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Metabolite Research, Shanghai 200433, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China. yfchai@ 123456smmu.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2095-1779(11)00035-9
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2011.09.008
                PMC ID: 5760787
                SO-VID: b94ce43a-379c-46ee-8095-483ed7f117a6
                Copyright © © 2011 Xi'an Jiaotong University
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 1 August 2011
                Date accepted : 7 September 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                Keywords: high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc),time-of-flight mass spectrometry (tof-ms),ion trap mass spectrometry (it-ms),herbal medicine (hm)
                Data availability:
                Keywords: high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc), time-of-flight mass spectrometry (tof-ms), ion trap mass spectrometry (it-ms), herbal medicine (hm)

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