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      Bifacial cambium stem cells generate xylem and phloem during radial plant growth

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          ABSTRACT

          A reduced rate of stem cell division is considered a widespread feature which ensures the integrity of genetic information during somatic development of plants and animals. Radial growth of plant shoots and roots is a stem cell-driven process that is fundamental for the mechanical and physiological support of enlarging plant bodies. In most dicotyledonous species, the underlying stem cell niche, the cambium, generates xylem inwards and phloem outwards. Despite the importance and intriguing dynamics of the cambium, the functional characterization of its stem cells is hampered by the lack of experimental tools for accessing distinct cambium sub-domains. Here, we use the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis thaliana to map stem cell activity in the proliferating cambium. Through pulse labeling and genetically encoded lineage tracing, we find that a single bifacial stem cell generates both xylem and phloem cell lineages. This cell is characterized by a specific combination of PXY ( TDR), SMXL5 and WOX4 gene activity and a high division rate in comparison with tissue-specific progenitors. Our analysis provides a cellular fate map of radial plant growth, and suggests that stem cell quiescence is not a general prerequisite for life-long tissue production.

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          [Related article:] Highlighted Article: A single bifacial stem cell that is characterized by the combined activity of PXY ( TDR), SMXL5 and WOX4 genes generates both wood and bast during radial plant growth.

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          Most cited references34

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          NAC transcription factors, NST1 and NST3, are key regulators of the formation of secondary walls in woody tissues of Arabidopsis.

          Wood is formed by the successive addition of secondary xylem, which consists of cells with a conspicuously thickened secondary wall composed mainly of lignin and cellulose. Several genes involved in lignin and cellulose biosynthesis have been characterized, but the factors that regulate the formation of secondary walls in woody tissues remain to be identified. In this study, we show that plant-specific transcription factors, designated NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR1 (NST1) and NST3, are key regulators of the formation of secondary walls in woody tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. In nst1-1 nst3-1 double knockout plants, the secondary wall thickenings in interfascicular fibers and secondary xylem, except for vascular vessels, were completely suppressed without affecting formation of cells destined to be woody tissues. Conversely, as shown previously for NST1, overexpression of NST3 induced ectopic secondary wall thickenings in various aboveground tissues. Furthermore, the expression of chimeric repressors derived from NST1 and NST3 suppressed secondary wall thickenings in the presumptive interfascicular fibers. Because putative orthologs of NST1 and NST3 are present in the genome of poplar, our results suggest that they are also key regulators of the formation of secondary walls in woody plants and could be used as a tool for the genetic engineering of wood and its derivatives.
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            GreenGate - A Novel, Versatile, and Efficient Cloning System for Plant Transgenesis

            Building expression constructs for transgenesis is one of the fundamental day-to-day tasks in modern biology. Traditionally it is based on a multitude of type II restriction endonucleases and T4 DNA ligase. Especially in case of long inserts and applications requiring high-throughput, this approach is limited by the number of available unique restriction sites and the need for designing individual cloning strategies for each project. Several alternative cloning systems have been developed in recent years to overcome these issues, including the type IIS enzyme based Golden Gate technique. Here we introduce our GreenGate system for rapidly assembling plant transformation constructs, which is based on the Golden Gate method. GreenGate cloning is simple and efficient since it uses only one type IIS restriction endonuclease, depends on only six types of insert modules (plant promoter, N-terminal tag, coding sequence, C-terminal tag, plant terminator and plant resistance cassette), but at the same time allows assembling several expression cassettes in one binary destination vector from a collection of pre-cloned building blocks. The system is cheap and reliable and when combined with a library of modules considerably speeds up cloning and transgene stacking for plant transformation.
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              Identification of DNA sequences required for activity of the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Development
                Development
                DEV
                develop
                Development (Cambridge, England)
                The Company of Biologists Ltd
                0950-1991
                1477-9129
                1 January 2019
                9 January 2019
                9 January 2019
                : 146
                : 1
                : dev171355
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Developmental Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) , Heidelberg University , Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
                [2 ]Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC) , Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
                Author notes
                [*]

                Present address: Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP) (UPV-CSIC), Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4408-3042
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6176-646X
                Article
                DEV171355
                10.1242/dev.171355
                6340147
                30626594
                b9821ba6-3b04-4370-acc3-3b398b2536f0
                © 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

                History
                : 30 August 2018
                : 19 November 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100005156;
                Award ID: 3.5-JPN −1164674-HFST-P
                Funded by: European Research Council, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663;
                Award ID: PLANTSTEMS
                Funded by: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659;
                Award ID: GR2104/5-1
                Award ID: SFB873
                Categories
                201
                203
                Stem Cells and Regeneration

                Developmental biology
                stem cells,secondary growth,cambium,cell lineage,meristem,arabidopsis thaliana
                Developmental biology
                stem cells, secondary growth, cambium, cell lineage, meristem, arabidopsis thaliana

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