16
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Th1 and Th17 Cells and Associated Cytokines Discriminate among Clinically Isolated Syndrome and Multiple Sclerosis Phenotypes

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It is a heterogeneous pathology that can follow different clinical courses, and the mechanisms that underlie the progression of the immune response across MS subtypes remain incompletely understood. Here, we aimed to determine differences in the immunological status among different MS clinical subtypes. Blood samples from untreated patients diagnosed with clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) ( n = 21), different clinical forms of MS ( n = 62) [relapsing–remitting (RRMS), secondary progressive, and primary progressive], and healthy controls (HCs) ( n = 17) were tested for plasma levels of interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-17A, and IL-17F by immunoanalysis. Th1 and Th17 lymphocyte frequencies were determined by flow cytometry. Our results showed that IFN-γ levels and the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio were higher in CIS patients than in RRMS patients and HC. Th1 cell frequencies were higher in CIS and RRMS than in progressive MS, and RRMS had a higher Th17 frequency than CIS. The Th1/Th17 cell ratio was skewed toward Th1 in CIS compared to MS phenotypes and HC. Receiver operating characteristic statistical analysis determined that IFN-γ, the IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio, Th1 cell frequency, and the Th1/Th17 cell ratio discriminated among CIS and MS subtypes. A subanalysis among patients expressing high IL-17F levels showed that IL-17F and the IFN-γ/IL-17F ratio discriminated between disease subtypes. Overall, our data showed that CIS and MS phenotypes displayed distinct Th1- and Th17-related cytokines and cell profiles and that these immune parameters discriminated between clinical forms. Upon validation, these parameters might be useful as biomarkers to predict disease progression.

          Related collections

          Most cited references44

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: found
          Is Open Access

          The relation between inflammation and neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis brains

          Some recent studies suggest that in progressive multiple sclerosis, neurodegeneration may occur independently from inflammation. The aim of our study was to analyse the interdependence of inflammation, neurodegeneration and disease progression in various multiple sclerosis stages in relation to lesional activity and clinical course, with a particular focus on progressive multiple sclerosis. The study is based on detailed quantification of different inflammatory cells in relation to axonal injury in 67 multiple sclerosis autopsies from different disease stages and 28 controls without neurological disease or brain lesions. We found that pronounced inflammation in the brain is not only present in acute and relapsing multiple sclerosis but also in the secondary and primary progressive disease. T- and B-cell infiltrates correlated with the activity of demyelinating lesions, while plasma cell infiltrates were most pronounced in patients with secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (SPMS) and primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS) and even persisted, when T- and B-cell infiltrates declined to levels seen in age matched controls. A highly significant association between inflammation and axonal injury was seen in the global multiple sclerosis population as well as in progressive multiple sclerosis alone. In older patients (median 76 years) with long-disease duration (median 372 months), inflammatory infiltrates declined to levels similar to those found in age-matched controls and the extent of axonal injury, too, was comparable with that in age-matched controls. Ongoing neurodegeneration in these patients, which exceeded the extent found in normal controls, could be attributed to confounding pathologies such as Alzheimer's or vascular disease. Our study suggests a close association between inflammation and neurodegeneration in all lesions and disease stages of multiple sclerosis. It further indicates that the disease processes of multiple sclerosis may die out in aged patients with long-standing disease.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Th17 cells are long lived and retain a stem cell-like molecular signature.

            Th17 cells have been described as short lived, but this view is at odds with their capacity to trigger protracted damage to normal and transformed tissues. We report that Th17 cells, despite displaying low expression of CD27 and other phenotypic markers of terminal differentiation, efficiently eradicated tumors and caused autoimmunity, were long lived, and maintained a core molecular signature resembling early memory CD8(+) cells with stem cell-like properties. In addition, we found that Th17 cells had high expression of Tcf7, a direct target of the Wnt and β-catenin signaling axis, and accumulated β-catenin, a feature observed in stem cells. In vivo, Th17 cells gave rise to Th1-like effector cell progeny and also self-renewed and persisted as IL-17A-secreting cells. Multipotency was required for Th17 cell-mediated tumor eradication because effector cells deficient in IFN-γ or IL-17A had impaired activity. Thus, Th17 cells are not always short lived and are a less-differentiated subset capable of superior persistence and functionality. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Phenotypical and functional characterization of T helper 17 cells in multiple sclerosis.

              Multiple sclerosis is a T cell-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Interleukin-17-producing T helper cells, named Th17 cells, represent a novel CD4+ T cell effector subset involved in the response against extracellular pathogens. In addition, Th17 cells are pathogenic in several animal models of autoimmune disease, including the animal model for multiple sclerosis, but their function in multiple sclerosis remains to be elucidated. In this study, we analysed the frequency and the phenotype of Th17 cells in the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of multiple sclerosis patients. We show that the frequency of Th17 cells is significantly higher in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis during relapse, in comparison to relapsing-remitting patients in remission or to patients with other non-inflammatory neurological diseases. Similarly, in patients with clinically isolated syndrome during their first neurological episode, Th17 cells are more abundant than in clinically isolated syndrome patients with no acute symptoms. Patients with inflammatory neurological diseases other than multiple sclerosis also showed increased frequency of Th17 cells compared to patients with no inflammatory diseases. To assess a potential pathological impact of Th17 cells in disease, we generated T cell clones from the cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood of patients with multiple sclerosis. We found that Th17 clones expressed higher basal levels of the activation markers CD5, CD69, CD2 and human leukocyte antigen-DR as well as of the CD28-related family of co-stimulatory molecules, when compared to Th1 clones, and confirmed these findings with ex vivo human T cells. Molecules involved in T cell adhesion to endothelium, such as CD49d, CD6 and the melanoma cell adhesion molecule, were also more abundant on the Th17 than on the Th1 cells. Furthermore, functional assays showed that Th17 clones were more prone than Th1 clones to melanoma cell adhesion molecule-mediated adhesion to endothelial cells, and that Th17 cells had a higher proliferative capacity and were less susceptible to suppression than Th1 cells. Altogether our data suggest that Th17 cells display a high pathogenic potential and may constitute a relevant pathogenic subset in multiple sclerosis.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Immunol
                Front Immunol
                Front. Immunol.
                Frontiers in Immunology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-3224
                30 June 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 753
                Affiliations
                [1] 1School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Universidad de Chile , Santiago, Chile
                [2] 2Faculty of Science, Universidad San Sebastián , Santiago, Chile
                [3] 3Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham, AL, United States
                [4] 4Department of Public Health, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
                [5] 5Department of Neurology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile , Santiago, Chile
                [6] 6Neurology Service, Hospital Sotero del Río , Santiago, Chile
                Author notes

                Edited by: Amy Lovett-Racke, The Ohio State University Columbus, United States

                Reviewed by: Gerd Meyer Zu Horste, Universität Münster, Germany; Thomas G. Forsthuber, University of Texas at San Antonio, United States

                *Correspondence: Rodrigo Naves, rodrigonaves@ 123456med.uchile.cl

                Specialty section: This article was submitted to Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Immunology

                Article
                10.3389/fimmu.2017.00753
                5491887
                28713377
                b98dbb07-2d8f-42b0-9dd6-a5b95ea72c4f
                Copyright © 2017 Arellano, Acuña, Reyes, Ottum, De Sarno, Villarroel, Ciampi, Uribe-San Martín, Cárcamo and Naves.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 19 December 2016
                : 13 June 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 55, Pages: 10, Words: 7342
                Funding
                Funded by: Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico 10.13039/501100002850
                Award ID: 1140049
                Funded by: Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica 10.13039/501100002848
                Award ID: Doctoral Fellowship 21130452
                Categories
                Immunology
                Original Research

                Immunology
                multiple sclerosis,cytokines,th1 cells,th17 cells,biomarker,clinical isolated syndrome,relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis,progressive multiple sclerosis

                Comments

                Comment on this article