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      Estudo comparativo entre o pré-condicionamento isquêmico e a drenagem liquórica como métodos de proteção medular em cães Translated title: Comparative study between ischemic preconditioning and cerebrospinal fluid drainage as methods of spinal cord protection in dogs

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          Abstract

          OBJETIVO: Este estudo compara os efeitos do pré-condicionamento isquêmico imediato, baseado na monitorização do potencial evocado somatossensitivo (PESS), com aqueles da drenagem do líquido cefalorraquidiano, em um modelo de oclusão da aorta torácica descendente em cães. MÉTODO: Dezoito cães foram submetidos à isquemia medular induzida pela oclusão da aorta torácica descendente por 60 minutos. O Grupo Controle foi submetido à oclusão da aorta (n=6), o Grupo Pré-Condicionamento Isquêmico (PCI), ao pré-condicionamento isquêmico (n=6) e o grupo drenagem, à drenagem do líquido cefalorraquidiano (n=6), imediatamente antes da oclusão da aorta. A condição neurológica foi acessada por um observador independente, de acordo com a escala de Tarlov. Os animais foram sacrificados e as medulas retiradas para exame histopatológico. RESULTADOS: Pressões da aorta proximal e distal à oclusão foram semelhantes nos três grupos. Sete dias após o procedimento, o índice de Tarlov foi significativamente maior em comparação ao Grupo Controle, somente no Grupo PCI (p<0,05). Foram observados valores menores no tempo de recuperação do PESS com o uso da drenagem liquórica durante a fase final de reperfusão (p<0,01). Exame histopatológico evidenciou necrose menos grave na substância cinzenta torácica e lombar, nos animais submetidos aos dois métodos de proteção medular, sendo mais pronunciada no Grupo PCI (p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A drenagem do líquor e o pré-condicionamento isquêmico parecem proteger a medula espinhal, durante a oclusão da aorta torácica descendente. Entretanto, o nível de proteção medular obtido parece ser mais significativo com a drenagem do líquido cefalorraquidiano.

          Translated abstract

          OBJECTIVE: This study compares the effects of immediate ischemic preconditioning based on somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring with those of cerebrospinal fluid drainage in a model of descending thoracic aorta occlusion in dogs. METHOD: Eighteen dogs were submitted to spinal cord ischemia induced by descending thoracic aortic cross-clamping for 60 minutes. The Control Group underwent only aortic cross-clamping (n=6). The Ischemic Preconditioning Group (IPC) underwent ischemic preconditioning (n=6) and the Drainage Group underwent cerebrospinal fluid drainage (n=6), immediately before aortic cross-clamping. An independent observer assessed neurological status according to the Tarlov score. The animals were sacrificed and spinal cord harvested for histopathologic study. RESULTS: Aortic pressure before and after the occluded segment was similar in the three groups. Seven days after the procedure, Tarlov scores were significantly higher only in the Drainage Group when compared to the Control Group (p<0.05). Lower SSEP recovery times were also observed with cerebrospinal fluid drainage during the final reperfusion period (p<0.01). In the histopathologic study, stain showed less significant neuronal necrosis in the thoracic and lumbar gray matter in animals submitted to both methods of spinal cord protection, with it being more pronounced in the Ischemic Preconditioning Group (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Cerebrospinal fluid drainage and immediate ischemic preconditioning seems to protect the spinal cord during descending thoracic aorta cross-clamping. Nevertheless, the obtained level of spinal cord protection seems to be more significant with cerebrospinal fluid drainage.

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          Experience with 1509 patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic operations.

          The purpose of this study was to retrospectively identify variables associated with early death and postoperative complications in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic operations. The data on 1509 patients who underwent 1679 thoracoabdominal aortic repairs between 1960 and 1991 were retrospectively reviewed. The median age was 66 years (range 1.5 years to 86 years), and aortic dissection was present in 276 (18%) patients. The extent of the first repair performed included 378 (25%) type I (proximal descending to upper abdominal aorta), 442 (29%) type II (proximal descending aorta to below the renal arteries), 343 (23%) type III (distal descending and abdominal aorta), and 346 (23%) type IV (most of the abdominal aorta). The median total aortic clamp time was 43 minutes. The 30-day survival rate was 92% (1386/1509) for the 30-year period. On multivariate analysis the preoperative and operative variables associated with death included (p 3 mg/dl or dialysis) occurred in 18% (269/1509) of patients; dialysis was required in 9% (136/1509). Gastrointestinal complications manifested in 7% (101/1509) of patients. Although the survival rate has improved, paraplegia/paraparesis and kidney failure continue to be vexing problems that require further research.
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            Cerebrospinal fluid drainage reduces paraplegia after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: results of a randomized clinical trial.

            Despite the use of various strategies for the prevention of spinal cord ischemia, paraplegia and paraparesis continue to occur after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. Although cerebrospinal fluid drainage (CSFD) is often used as an adjunct for spinal cord protection, its benefit remains unproven. The purpose of this randomized clinical trial was to evaluate the impact of CSFD on the incidence of spinal cord injury after extensive TAAA repair. After randomization, 145 patients underwent extent I or II TAAA repairs with a consistent strategy of moderate heparinization, permissive mild hypothermia, left heart bypass, and reattachment of patent critical intercostal arteries. The repairs were performed with CSFD (n = 76) or without CSFD (n = 69). In the former group, CSFD was initiated during the operation and continued for 48 hours after surgery. The target CSF pressure was 10 mm Hg or less. The two groups had similar risk factors for paraplegia. Aortic clamp time, left heart bypass time, and number of reattached intercostal arteries were also similar in both groups. Thirty-day mortality rates were 5.3% (four patients) and 2.9% (two patients) for CSFD and control groups, respectively (P =.68). Nine patients (13.0%) in the control group had paraplegia or paraparesis develop. In contrast, only two patients in the CSFD group (2.6%) had deficits develop (P =.03). No patients with CSFD had immediate paraplegia. Overall, CSFD resulted in an 80% reduction in the relative risk of postoperative deficits. Perioperative CSFD reduces the rate of paraplegia after repair of extent I and II TAAAs.
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              Mortality and paraplegia after thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm repair: a risk factor analysis.

              Recent recommendations regarding thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) management have emphasized individualized treatment based on balancing a patient's calculated risk of rupture with their anticipated risk of postoperative death or paraplegia. The purpose of this study was to enhance this risk-benefit decision by providing contemporary results and determining which preoperative risk factors currently predict mortality and paraplegia after TAAA surgery. Risk factor analyses based on data regarding 1,220 consecutive patients undergoing TAAA repair from 1986 through 1998 were performed using multiple logistic regression with step-wise model selection. The 30-day mortality rate was 4.8% (58 of 1,220) and the incidence of paraplegia was 4.6% (56 of 1,206). For elective cases, predictors of operative mortality included renal insufficiency (p = 0.0001), increasing age (p = 0.0005), symptomatic aneurysms (p = 0.0059), and extent II aneurysms (p = 0.0054). Extent II aneurysms (p = 0.0023) and diabetes (p = 0.0402) were predictors of paraplegia. These risk models may assist in decisions regarding elective TAAA operations. For patients who are acceptable candidates, contemporary surgical management provides favorable results.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rbccv
                Brazilian Journal of Cardiovascular Surgery
                Braz. J. Cardiovasc. Surg.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Cardiovascular (São Paulo, SP, Brazil )
                0102-7638
                1678-9741
                March 2007
                : 22
                : 1
                : 15-23
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina
                [06] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Hospital das Clínicas
                [09] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Hospital das Clínicas
                [07] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia
                [05] orgnameSanta Casa de Misericórdia de São Bernardo do Campo
                [08] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Cirurgia Cardiovascular
                [02] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Hospital das Clínicas
                [04] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Hospital das Clínicas
                [03] orgnameUniversidade de São Paulo orgdiv1Faculdade de Medicina orgdiv2Departamento de Cirurgia Torácica e Cardiovascular
                Article
                S0102-76382007000100007 S0102-7638(07)02200107
                b99f2ea6-9158-4916-8c9d-82b4cfdbef82

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 16 October 2006
                : 21 February 2007
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Artigos Originais

                Líquido cefalorraquidiano,Cães,Potenciais somatosensoriais evocados,Aorta,Medula espinhal,Dogs,Somatosensory evoked potentials,Spinal cord,Cerebrospinal fluid

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