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      Laser Fabrication of 3D Gelatin Scaffolds for the Generation of Bioartificial Tissues

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          Abstract

          In the present work, the two-photon polymerization (2PP) technique was applied to develop precisely defined biodegradable 3D tissue engineering scaffolds. The scaffolds were fabricated via photopolymerization of gelatin modified with methacrylamide moieties. The results indicate that the gelatin derivative (GelMod) preserves its enzymatic degradation capability after photopolymerization. In addition, the developed scaffolds using 2PP support primary adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) adhesion, proliferation and differentiation into the anticipated lineage.

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          Cell-Responsive Synthetic Hydrogels

          A.H. Zisch, M.P. Lutolf, J.A. Hubbell … (2003)
          Article 0 comments Cited 90 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Three-dimensional tissue fabrication.

            V Tsang, Sangeeta N. Bhatia (2004)
            In recent years, advances in fabrication technologies have brought a new dimension to the field of tissue engineering. Using manufacturing-based methods and hydrogel chemistries, researchers have been able to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds with complex 3-D architectures and customized chemistries that mimic the in vivo tissue environment. These techniques may be useful in developing therapies for replacing lost tissue function, as in vitro models of living tissue, and also for further enabling fundamental studies of structure/function relationships in three dimensional contexts. Here, we present an overview of 3-D tissue fabrication techniques based on methods for: scaffold fabrication, cellular assembly, and hybrid hydrogel/cell methods and review their potential utility for tissue engineering.
            Article 0 comments Cited 82 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Three-dimensional laser micro- and nano-structuring of acrylated poly(ethylene glycol) materials and evaluation of their cytoxicity for tissue engineering applications.

              K Sternberg, M Löbler, S Schlie … (2011)
              The natural cell environment is characterized by complex three-dimensional structures, which contain features at multiple length scales. Many in vitro studies of cell behavior in three dimensions rely on the availability of artificial scaffolds with controlled three-dimensional topologies. In this paper, we demonstrate fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering out of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGda) materials by means of two-photon polymerization (2PP). This laser nanostructuring approach offers unique possibilities for rapid manufacturing of three-dimensional structures with arbitrary geometries. The spatial resolution dependence on the applied irradiation parameters is investigated for two PEGda formulations, which are characterized by molecular weights of 302 and 742. We demonstrate that minimum feature sizes of 200nm are obtained in both materials. In addition, an extensive study of the cytotoxicity of the material formulations with respect to photoinitiator type and photoinitiator concentration is undertaken. Aqueous extracts from photopolymerized PEGda samples indicate the presence of water-soluble molecules, which are toxic to fibroblasts. It is shown that sample aging in aqueous medium reduces the cytotoxicity of these extracts; this mechanism provides a route for biomedical applications of structures generated by 2PP microfabrication and photopolymerization technologies in general. Finally, a fully biocompatible combination of PEGda and a photoinitiator is identified. Fabrication of reproducible scaffold structures is very important for systematic investigation of cellular processes in three dimensions and for better understanding of in vitro tissue formation. The results of this work suggest that 2PP may be used to polymerize poly(ethylene glycol)-based materials into three-dimensional structures with well-defined geometries that mimic the physical and biological properties of native cell environments. Copyright © 2010 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Materials (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Materials (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): materials
                Title: Materials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1996-1944
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 January 2011
                Publication date Collection: January 2011
                Volume: 4
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 288-299
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Nanotechnology, Laser Zentrum Hannover e.V., Hollerithallee 8, D-30419 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: a.deiwick@ 123456lzh.de (A.D.); b.chichkov@ 123456lzh.de (B.C.)
                [2 ]Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, University of Ghent, Krijgslaan 281, Building S4-Bis, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; E-Mails: sandra.vanvlierberghe@ 123456ugent.be (S.V.); peter.dubruel@ 123456ugent.be (P.D.)
                [3 ]Department of Cardiac-, Thoraic-, Transplantation-, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Strasse 1, D-30625 Hannover, Germany; E-Mails: pflaum.michael@ 123456mh-hannover.de (M.P.); wilhelmi.mathias@ 123456mh-hannover.de (M.W.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: A.Ovsianikov@ 123456gmail.com .
                Article
                Publisher ID: materials-04-00288
                DOI: 10.3390/ma4010288
                PMC ID: 5448471
                PubMed ID: 28879989
                SO-VID: b9ba0ce9-b9ce-4e4a-a052-806c169b974d
                Copyright © © 2011 by the authors;
                License:

                licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 01 December 2010
                Date revision received : 06 January 2011
                Date accepted : 12 January 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Communication

                Keywords: scaffolds,computer-aided design,laser fabrication,two-photon polymerization,gelatin,tissue engineering,biodegradation,stem cells,adipose tissue
                Data availability:
                Keywords: scaffolds, computer-aided design, laser fabrication, two-photon polymerization, gelatin, tissue engineering, biodegradation, stem cells, adipose tissue

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