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      From Empire-wide integration to regional localization: A synthetic and quantitative study of heterogeneous amphora data in Roman Germania reveals centuries-long change in regional patterns of production and consumption

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          Abstract

          We present novel insights into trade in amphorae-borne products over a 550-year period in Germania along the frontier of the Roman Empire, derived through probabilistic aoristic methods to study temporal changes in archaeological materials. Our data analysis reveals highly detailed differential patterns of consumption and production within the German market. We show how connections to far-flung regions such as the Eastern Mediterranean or the Iberian Peninsula wax and wane through time, and how the local German producers start to compete with these imported products. These chronological patterns provide important insight into a regional market within the larger Roman economy and provide an important case study in changing economic connections over a long period, demonstrating in a transparent and reproducible way a geographical and chronological pulsation in market activity that was otherwise unknown and undemonstrated.

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          Matplotlib: A 2D Graphics Environment

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            seaborn: statistical data visualization

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              Taxes and Trade in the Roman Empire (200 B.C.–A.D. 400)

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: MethodologyRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS One
                plos
                PLOS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                11 January 2023
                2023
                : 18
                : 1
                : e0279382
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology & the Ancient World, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
                [2 ] Classical Archaeology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
                [3 ] Centre for Urban Network Evolutions, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
                [4 ] Center for Humanities Computing Aarhus, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
                Universita degli Studi di Foggia, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5059-4183
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6277-0460
                Article
                PONE-D-22-24756
                10.1371/journal.pone.0279382
                9833601
                36630342
                b9c2bb3b-85a6-4c24-b9c1-32ea164d6ce7
                © 2023 Franconi et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 5 September 2022
                : 6 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 12, Tables: 1, Pages: 36
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004789, John Fell Fund, University of Oxford;
                Award ID: BED12620 153/058
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100004836, Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond;
                Award ID: 0163-00060B
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002808, Carlsbergfondet;
                Award ID: CF21-0382
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001732, Danmarks Grundforskningsfond;
                Award ID: DNRF119
                Award Recipient :
                TF, John Fell Oxford University Press (OUP) Research Fund, (BED12620, 153/058). https://researchsupport.admin.ox.ac.uk/funding/internal/jff. TB, Danmarks Frie Forskningsfond (DFF) Sapere Aude research leadership grant (0163-00060B). https://dff.dk/en/grants?set_language=en. TB, Past Social Networks Project was funded by The Carlsberg Foundation’s Young Researcher Fellowship (CF21-0382). https://www.carlsbergfondet.dk/en/Forskningsaktiviteter/Bevillingsstatistik/Bevillingsoversigt?type=Carlsberg%20Foundation%20Young%20Researcher%20Fellowships. TB, Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF) Centre of Excellence for Urban Network Evolutions (UrbNet) (DNRF119). https://dg.dk/en/what-is-a-center-of-excellence/. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Archaeological Dating
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Agronomy
                Plant Products
                Vegetable Oils
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Crop Science
                Plant Products
                Vegetable Oils
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Eukaryota
                Plants
                Fruits
                Olives
                People and Places
                Population Groupings
                Ethnicities
                European People
                Italian People
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                People and places
                Geographical locations
                Europe
                European Union
                Germany
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials
                Ceramics
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Alcoholic Beverages
                Wine
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Nutrition
                Diet
                Beverages
                Alcoholic Beverages
                Wine
                Custom metadata
                The RAAD dataset and the iPhython notebook are both published in repositories strictly for reference in this paper. RAAD is available at https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.5213724.svg. iPython is available at https://github.com/Tom-Brughmans/RAAD.

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