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      Testing the impact of diagenesis on theδ18O andδ13C of benthic foraminiferal calcite from a sediment burial depth transect in the equatorial Pacific : DIAGENESIS IN BENTHIC FORAMINIFERA

      1 , 2 , 3
      Paleoceanography
      Wiley

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          The operated Markov´s chains in economy (discrete chains of Markov with the income)

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            Trends, rhythms, and aberrations in global climate 65 Ma to present.

            Since 65 million years ago (Ma), Earth's climate has undergone a significant and complex evolution, the finer details of which are now coming to light through investigations of deep-sea sediment cores. This evolution includes gradual trends of warming and cooling driven by tectonic processes on time scales of 10(5) to 10(7) years, rhythmic or periodic cycles driven by orbital processes with 10(4)- to 10(6)-year cyclicity, and rare rapid aberrant shifts and extreme climate transients with durations of 10(3) to 10(5) years. Here, recent progress in defining the evolution of global climate over the Cenozoic Era is reviewed. We focus primarily on the periodic and anomalous components of variability over the early portion of this era, as constrained by the latest generation of deep-sea isotope records. We also consider how this improved perspective has led to the recognition of previously unforeseen mechanisms for altering climate.
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              Rapid stepwise onset of Antarctic glaciation and deeper calcite compensation in the Pacific Ocean.

              The ocean depth at which the rate of calcium carbonate input from surface waters equals the rate of dissolution is termed the calcite compensation depth. At present, this depth is approximately 4,500 m, with some variation between and within ocean basins. The calcite compensation depth is linked to ocean acidity, which is in turn linked to atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and hence global climate. Geological records of changes in the calcite compensation depth show a prominent deepening of more than 1 km near the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (approximately 34 million years ago) when significant permanent ice sheets first appeared on Antarctica, but the relationship between these two events is poorly understood. Here we present ocean sediment records of calcium carbonate content as well as carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions from the tropical Pacific Ocean that cover the Eocene/Oligocene boundary. We find that the deepening of the calcite compensation depth was more rapid than previously documented and occurred in two jumps of about 40,000 years each, synchronous with the stepwise onset of Antarctic ice-sheet growth. The glaciation was initiated, after climatic preconditioning, by an interval when the Earth's orbit of the Sun favoured cool summers. The changes in oxygen-isotope composition across the Eocene/Oligocene boundary are too large to be explained by Antarctic ice-sheet growth alone and must therefore also indicate contemporaneous global cooling and/or Northern Hemisphere glaciation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Paleoceanography
                Paleoceanography
                Wiley
                08838305
                September 2013
                September 2013
                September 05 2013
                : 28
                : 3
                : 468-480
                Affiliations
                [1 ]School of Earth and Ocean Sciences; Cardiff University; Cardiff UK
                [2 ]MARUM - Center for Marine Environmental Sciences; University of Bremen; Bremen Germany
                [3 ]Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton; University of Southampton; Southampton UK
                Article
                10.1002/palo.20045
                b9d83ff7-aed1-4809-b9b2-d0761851a9bb
                © 2013

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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