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      Morphometric study of the two fused primary ossification centers of the clavicle in the human fetus

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          Abstract

          Purposes

          A satisfactory understanding of the clavicle development may be contributing to both the diagnosis of its congenital defects and prevention of perinatal damage to the shoulder girdle. This study was carried out to examine the transverse and sagittal diameters, cross-sectional area and volume of the two fused primary ossification centers of the clavicle.

          Methods

          Using the methods of CT, digital-image analysis and statistics, the size for two fused primary ossification centers of the clavicle in 42 spontaneously aborted human fetuses at ages of 18–30 weeks was studied.

          Results

          Without any male–female and right-left significant differences, the best fit growth models for two fused primary ossification centers of the clavicle were as follows: y = −31.373 + 15.243 × ln(age) ± 1.424 ( R 2 = 0.74) for transverse diameter, y = −7.945 + 3.225 × ln(age) ± 0.262 ( R 2 = 0.78), y = −4.503 + 2.007 × ln(age) ± 0.218 ( R 2 = 0.68), and  y = −4.860 + 2.117 × ln(age) ± 0.200 ( R 2 = 0.73) for sagittal diameters of the lateral, middle and medial ends respectively, y = −31.390 + 2.432 × age ± 4.599 ( R 2 = 0.78) for cross-sectional area, and y = 28.161 + 0.00017 × (age) 4 ± 15.357 ( R 2 = 0.83) for volume.

          Conclusions

          With no sex and laterality differences, the fused primary ossification centers of the clavicle grow logarithmically in both transverse and sagittal diameters, linearly in cross-sectional area, and fourth-degree polynomially in volume. Our normative quantitative findings may be conducive in monitoring normal fetal growth and screening for inherited faults and anomalies of the clavicle in European human fetuses.

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          Most cited references33

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          S100A4: a novel negative regulator of mineralization and osteoblast differentiation.

          S100A4 is an intracellular calcium-binding protein expressed by osteoblastic cells. However, its roles in bone physiology are unknown. Because before matrix mineralization, its expression is markedly diminished, we hypothesized that S100A4 negatively regulates the mineralization process. In this study, we investigated the effects of the inhibition of S100A4 synthesis on osteoblast differentiation and in vitro mineralized nodule formation. Inhibition of S100A4 synthesis was achieved by an antisense approach in the mouse osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1. Cell clones that synthesized low levels of S100A4 (AS clones) produced markedly increased number of mineralized nodules at much earlier stages in comparison with controls as demonstrated by Alizarin red S and von Kossa staining. The expression of type I collagen (COLI) and osteopontin (OPN) increased in AS clones compared with controls. Bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteocalcin (OCN), molecules associated with mineralization and markers for mature osteoblastic phenotype, were expressed in AS clones before their detection in controls. Because S100A4 was not localized in the nucleus of MC3T3-E1 cells and AS clones, it is unlikely that S100A4 directly regulates the expression of these genes. Moreover, the expression of Cbfal/Osf-2 and Osx, transcription factors necessary for the expression of osteoblast-associated genes, remained unchanged in AS clones, indicating that S100A4 may be downstream to these transcription factors. These findings indicate that S100A4 is a novel negative regulator of matrix mineralization likely by modulating the process of osteoblast differentiation.
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            Magnetic resonance imaging of the clavicular ossification.

            Assessment of the degree of ossification of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage is of vital importance in forensic age diagnostics of living individuals aged more than 18 years. To date, reference studies on the assessment of clavicular ossification using imaging procedures only relate to conventional radiography and computed tomography (CT). In this study, magnetic resonance (MR) scans of 54 sternoclavicular joints of bodies aged between 6 and 40 years were evaluated prospectively. All of the examined medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilages permitted an assessment of the degree of ossification. Stage 2 was first observed at the age of 15.0 years, the earliest age at which stage 3 was observed was 16.9 years, and stage 4 was first observed at the age of 23.8 years. The observed age intervals of the respective degrees of ossification correspond to the known data from X-ray and CT scan examinations. The achieved results should be examined with a larger number of cases. A modified examination protocol is required for the MR examination of the medial clavicular epiphyseal cartilage for the purpose of forensic age diagnostics of living individuals.
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              Cleidocranial dysplasia: importance of radiographic images in diagnosis of the condition.

              Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD) is a rare syndrome usually caused by an autosomal dominant gene, although 40% of cases of CCD appear spontaneously with no apparent genetic cause. This condition is characterized by several cranial malformations and underdevelopment, absence of the clavicles, and multiple supernumerary and impacted permanent teeth. The diagnosis of this condition is usually based on the presence of the main features (supernumerary teeth, partial or total absence of one or both the clavicles, and bony malformations) and on clinical and familial evidence. The bony and dental features of CCD may be visualized on radiographic images of the face and skull. Here, we present a familial case of CCD and discuss the importance of dental radiographs in diagnosis of the condition.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                + 48 (052 5853705) , kizanat@cm.umk.pl
                Journal
                Surg Radiol Anat
                Surg Radiol Anat
                Surgical and Radiologic Anatomy
                Springer Paris (Paris )
                0930-1038
                1279-8517
                9 February 2016
                9 February 2016
                2016
                : 38
                : 8
                : 937-945
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Normal Anatomy, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Łukasiewicza 1 Street, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland
                [2 ]Department of Positron Emission Tomography and Molecular Imaging, The Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, The Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Łukasiewicza 1 Street, 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland
                Article
                1640
                10.1007/s00276-016-1640-y
                5030228
                26861013
                b9e30e5d-d575-4adc-808c-510c31b7e75d
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 23 October 2015
                : 31 January 2016
                Categories
                Original Article
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag France 2016

                Surgery
                clavicle,ossification center,human fetus,digital image analysis,ct examination,regression analysis

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