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      The origin and evolution of the Peace Vallis fan system that drains to theCuriositylanding area, Gale Crater, Mars : Origin and evolution of Peace Vallis fan

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          A habitable fluvio-lacustrine environment at Yellowknife Bay, Gale crater, Mars.

          The Curiosity rover discovered fine-grained sedimentary rocks, which are inferred to represent an ancient lake and preserve evidence of an environment that would have been suited to support a martian biosphere founded on chemolithoautotrophy. This aqueous environment was characterized by neutral pH, low salinity, and variable redox states of both iron and sulfur species. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus were measured directly as key biogenic elements; by inference, phosphorus is assumed to have been available. The environment probably had a minimum duration of hundreds to tens of thousands of years. These results highlight the biological viability of fluvial-lacustrine environments in the post-Noachian history of Mars.
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            The case for rainfall on a warm, wet early Mars

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              Martian fluvial conglomerates at Gale crater.

              Observations by the Mars Science Laboratory Mast Camera (Mastcam) in Gale crater reveal isolated outcrops of cemented pebbles (2 to 40 millimeters in diameter) and sand grains with textures typical of fluvial sedimentary conglomerates. Rounded pebbles in the conglomerates indicate substantial fluvial abrasion. ChemCam emission spectra at one outcrop show a predominantly feldspathic composition, consistent with minimal aqueous alteration of sediments. Sediment was mobilized in ancient water flows that likely exceeded the threshold conditions (depth 0.03 to 0.9 meter, average velocity 0.20 to 0.75 meter per second) required to transport the pebbles. Climate conditions at the time sediment was transported must have differed substantially from the cold, hyper-arid modern environment to permit aqueous flows across several kilometers.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets
                J. Geophys. Res. Planets
                Wiley-Blackwell
                21699097
                April 2014
                April 2014
                : 119
                : 4
                : 705-728
                Article
                10.1002/2013JE004583
                b9f35e07-3e33-4915-94a0-4920b22ed2ef
                © 2014

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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