A programme to control urinary schistosomiasis was initiated on Pemba island in January 1986 with the objectives of eliminating morbidity due to S. haematobium by utilizing a primary health care approach of strengthening the existing health care delivery system and creating a sound basis for future control of other parasitic and communicable diseases. The plan of action included training of rural health assistants to undertaken an intervention phase targeted to schools for selective population chemotherapy surveys at six-month intervals during the first two years, using indirect diagnostic techniques (observation of gross haematuria and detection of microscopic haematuria by chemical reagent strips) to identify individuals for treatment with praziquantel at a dose of 40 mg/kg body weight. The evaluation of the indirect techniques indicated that both sensitivity and specificity of the chemical reagent strips to detect infection were greater than 90%. After three selective population chemotherapy surveys, the prevalence of gross haematuria was reduced by 94.2% (15.8% to 0.9%) and both gross and microscopic haematuria were reduced by 76.4% (54.1% to 12.8%) among school children. Community involvement and health education were stressed in this programme. The use of dispensary laboratories to maintain control of urinary schistosomiasis is now being evaluated.